Abstract
The paper analyzes the mechanisms by which National Drug Regulatory Authorities in "Developing" Nations and "Developed" Nations address counterfeit pharmaceutical issues with an emphasis on regulatory authorities in Nigeria and the United States. The research indicates that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is working to guarantee that consumers are protected from counterfeit drugs and the adverse effects that they produce. The research also reveals that some of the strategies taken are successful but much more must be done to control the influx of counterfeit drugs coming into the country through the Internet and shipments. In Nigeria counterfeit drugs are a serious and widespread problem. Though the government has made a concerted effort to combat counterfeit pharmaceuticals and has been successful in some respects, the problem is so widespread and has existed for so long that it is difficult to remedy.

Contents:
Introduction
Definition of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals and the Problems they cause in the United States and Nigeria
Counterfeiting in the United States and other Developed Nations
Counterfeit Drugs in Nigeria
Regulatory Authorities in the United States and how they Plan to Combat the Distribution of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals
Regulatory Authorities in Nigeria and how they Combat the Distribution of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals
Discussion and Conclusions

From the Paper
"According to the American Food and Drug administration (FDA) counterfeit drugs are defined as fake medicine that may be contaminated or contain the incorrect or no active ingredients (Consumer Education: Counterfeit Medicine). According to the World Health organization researchers have found an abundance of counterfeit drugs throughout the globe. The most common counterfeit drugs were homemade counterfeits, mislabeled measurements and insufficient active ingredients. The World Health Organization reports that
"Counterfeit medicines are deliberately and fraudulently mislabeled medicines with respect to identity and/or source...Counterfeiting applies to both branded and generic products, and ranges from the illegal use of copyrighted commercial brands to manufacturing fake medicines. Counterfeiting is a far more pronounced problem in developing countries. National measures alone have not been proven adequate to combat this activity (Counterfeit Medicines)." "

Tags:fake, medicine, world, health, organization, diseases, africa, aids, prescription, drugs, mexico, undeveloped, developing, countries, pharmaceuticals, nafdac, rfid

Abstract
This paper contains a research project that examines the internet, the World Wide Web and the online shopping experience in relation to the glut of counterfeit goods and pirated goods and services that have utilized the internet to make themselves more readily available. While these activities occur across all markets, the paper explains, counterfeiting and piracy are closely associated with the Asia Pacific rim because some of the markets within that region, such as China and the surrounding Southeast Asian countries are infamous for their sweatshops and illegal piracy operations related to movies and music. The paper examines this phenomenon through the use of quantitative methodology that develops a model of online shoppers that have been anonymously polled to ascertain both their online shopping habits as well as their opinion of purchasing over the internet pirated and counterfeited goods. Finally, the conclusion is made that by allowing, if not encouraging, the counterfeiting and piracy industries to flourish in many of these Asia Pacific Rim markets as they do, these countries are actually indirectly supporting the increase in other criminal activity as well. .

From the Paper
"This document is a research project that examines the internet, the World Wide Web and the online shopping experience in relation to the glut of counterfeit goods and pirated goods and services that have utilized the internet to make themselves more readily available. While these activities occur across all markets counterfeiting and piracy are closely associated with the Asia Pacific rim because some of the markets within that region, such as China and the surrounding Southeast Asian countries are infamous ..."

Tags:online, scam, consumer, stolen, item

Abstract
This paper explains that, in the U.S. and other countries, counterfeit money production has significant effects on law and policy development, on a country's behavior towards other nations, and on overall security. The author points out that the history of counterfeiting dates back as far as the history of money itself. The paper relates that, historically, there is not much governments can do to prevent counterfeiting except make legal threats and create bills that are difficult to forge. The author points out that today, even though bills are becoming increasingly more complex, common technology, such as laser printers and personal computers, are making it possible for even the most amateur counterfeiters to create and pass off fake bills. The paper stresses that the major problems caused by international counterfeiting are hyperinflation by too much money being put into circulation and the use of counterfeit money to support terrorist operations and organized crime.

From the Paper
"Many of these new world counterfeiters were masters at their craft. When paper bills of credit were issued, it was easy for these counterfeiters to send copies to Germany, Amsterdam, Ireland, or England to have plates and actual forgeries made. Having bills printed in Europe possessed the advantage that the counterfeiting of American bills in Europe was not illegal. Also, the threat of being caught was very remote. Samuel Ford, a "really gifted artist," could produce bills that fooled provincial treasurers. Counterfeiting became such a problem in Virginia in 1773 that the business of the colony became idle."

Tags:errors, supernote, international, teens, computer

Abstract
The paper discusses product counterfeiting, a significant problem in the marketplace, as companies that do all the research and development can be seriously undercut by counterfeit product sellers who then sell to willing consumers. The paper notes that this is not the only problem associated with counterfeit products. The paper discusses the many hidden costs to legitimate companies and gives such examples as legal fees, investigative expenses and brand protection and enforcement, which cost significant amounts to companies. The paper also relates that most companies are not fully aware of their expenses in such matters, let alone how much real loss of sales occur. Lastly, the paper explains that there is significant job loss that is associated directly with the production and distribution of counterfeit products in the global market.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results.
Conclusions
Recommendations

From the Paper
"In the early part of the new millennium the federal government began to strengthen and make more enforceable the legislative statutes that allow for the enforcement of intellectual property rights. The government created a task force to address infringement issues and more clearly illuminate legislative standards. In fact the US government task force came to the conclusion that counterfeiting has not only economic, social, legal and safety concerns associated with it but may also contribute significantly to the funding of terrorist cells and actions. "

Tags:market, legal, results, economy, property, development, individual, business, consumers

Abstract
This paper hypothesizes that counterfeiting of luxury goods influences the incomes the "victim" company receives. Specifically, the paper discusses counterfeiting in relation to Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton. The paper describes one of the ways possible to investigate the problem of counterfeiting; instead of reviewing damages the company has, the paper investigates how the anti-counterfeit activity can help it to raise their profits.

From the Paper
"On the surface, the information offered in balance sheets and income statements help answer a variety of questions about a firm's ability to do business, its profitability, or its value as an investment. Just beneath the surface of these statements lies a wealth of information that can be easily uncovered by computing certain financial ratios. A financial ratio shows the relationship between two elements of a balance sheet or income statement. Financial ratios offer keen insights into a firm's present health and its future potential."

Tags:competitors, liquidity, capital

Abstract
This paper discusses how the United States has a growing trade deficit with China. The writer explains that this imbalance is fueled by several unethical or illegal Chinese policies. The paper notes that these include a failure to crack down on copyright and patent theft, industrial spying and monetary policy designed to keep the yuan low compared to the dollar. The paper concludes that recent Bush Administration efforts to challenge China are not enough and that more stringent measures are necessary.

From the Paper
"The United States and China have a long history of hostility and distrust. In recent years this hostility has centered on several economic issues. These include America's trade imbalance with China, a deficit fueled in part by a huge Chinese market in pirated American intellectual property and brand name knock-offs. Further, U.S. and European firms claim that Chinese industrial spies have stolen technology for products ranging from..."

Tags:china, trade, economy

Abstract
Money is necessary for survival in life, but the attitude one has toward money can completely change the quality and details of an individual's existence. This paper examines three literary works from three separate genres to reveal similar thematic content on this subject from highly divergent points of view. It looks at the play, "The Little Foxes", written by Lillian Hellman, "The Death of the Hired Man," a poem by Robert Frost, and a short story by Guy De Maupassant called "The Diamond Necklace." All three works are built around the core idea of the aspiration for money and how it influences people's lives.

From the Paper
"In The Little Foxes, Lillian Hellman personifies the opposing values of destructive greed versus human caring, bringing them to life in the characters. Birdie, Addie, and Alexandra represent humans who look to love and compassionate connection as modes of being. Oscar, Leo and Ben and Regina are heartless villains to whom money is the ultimate motivation. No immorality, including lying, cheating, stealing, or even murder is beyond the greedy clutching after money of these four."

Tags:Mathilde, Warren, Silas

Abstract
The paper explores the various forms of desktop counterfeiting and the efforts that are made to counteract counterfeiting.

From the Paper
"America's fastest-growing means of fraud is known as desktop counterfeiting. Using low-cost personal computer-based publishing systems, counterfeiters have become able to forge virtually any kind of paper document or certificate. Checks, bank notes, passports, Social Security cards, birth certificates, stock and bond certificates, automobile titles, bus and train passes, food stamps and even grocery story coupons from the Sunday newspaper are all vulnerable to desktop counterfeiting."

Tags:desktop counterfeiting, biometrics

Abstract
This paper explains that counterfeiting is a huge problem for the pharmaceutical industry because it relates to direct liability. The author points out that some companies are using a security triangle, which is a three-tiered approach to security measures in packaging: An overt features such as holograms, deterrents on currency such as pen reactive inks and activities in the arena of forensic technology. The paper states that, the FDA has postponed implementation of federal drug pedigree rules three times since first calling for it in the 1987 Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA).

From the Paper
"This problem becomes even more complicated when introducing online sales of prescription products. How is it possible to make sure that the authentic product is being purchased, plus at the right quantity and correct price? Another problem is buying from other countries. In July 2004, according to a report issued by the FDA, counterfeit versions of Merck s cholesterol medication Zocor (simvastatin), as well as carisoprodol, a genetic muscle relaxer, were imported from Mexico by Americans looking for cheap prescription drugs. Tests on the drugs, however, showed the counterfeit Zocor did not contain any active ingredients, and the counterfeit carisoprodol differed in potency compared with the authentic product."

Tags:online, liability, holograms, postponed, forensic

Abstract
The paper explains how both novels deal with the struggle of the female character to find a suitable occupation. "Moll Flanders" focuses on how work has become a central part of society, illustrating the dangers of overemphasizing the importance of work. In contrast, "Counterfeit Ladies" accepts the importance of work and focuses on the gender inequality and the problems women have finding suitable, socially acceptable work. By comparing the two works and the two female characters, the paper illustrates the authors' differing views.

From the Paper
"In 'Moll Flanders' work is treated as a necessity of society, one that the character Moll Flanders accepts. Work is not treated as an option but as something everyone must do to be worthy of being part of society. Work being unquestionably part of life is represented by Flanders' narration at the start of the novel where she talks about places where abandoned children are cared for by being, "bred up, clothed, fed, taught, and when fit to go out, are placed out to trades or to services, so as to be well able to provide for themselves by an honest, industrious behavior" (Defoe 1)."

Tags:society, occupation, gender