Abstract
This paper looks at the directives which guide the actions of the Office of the Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism, as well as its strategies and tactics, its various functions and programs and how the office is organized. The paper highlights how much changed in America after 9/11, especially for a government branch devoted to intelligence-gathering and to security. The paper discusses how the Counter-terrorism Office has grown, with its associations with other government agencies, increasingly complex and involved.

From the Paper
"Whatever the criticisms leveled against the Bush Administration's "War on Terror" by its critics, few can dispute that the United States must pursue a forceful policy against terrorist activities if it is to secure its safety at home and abroad. Certainly, recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the attention granted to anti-terror measures and institutions in light of the fact that 9/11 proved, once and for all, that America too is vulnerable to terror assaults. In addition to the heightened interest surrounding the anti-terror tools America had in place prior to 9/11, the last five-and-a-half years has borne witness to the creation of new institutions geared expressly to fighting terrorism - the National Counter-Terrorism Center chief among them."

Tags:intelligence-gathering, security, al-Qaeda, strategies, campaign

Abstract
This paper argues that the U.S. Department of Defense and other branches of the federal government capitalized on the fear of another terrorist attack, by erecting a series of security measures since September 11. The most notable of these is the USA PATRIOT Act (HR-3162), passed in October of 2001 which stands for "Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism." The paper explains that the USA PATRIOT Act permits wiretapping without judicial orders, deportation of legal residents of the United States based on suspicion, secret searches of citizens' offices and homes and measures. The paper argues that many of the permissible acts included in the USA PATRIOT Act are discriminatory and that there is nothing "patriotic" about violating Fourth Amendment rights or stripping ordinary citizens from their basic civil liberties. The paper shows that these bills and laws offer a lot of power to the FBI, the police and to other governmental bodies. millions of Americans are still willingly surrendering their personal rights and freedoms in favor of a false sense of security. Finally, the paper argues that the aura of paranoia that currently pervades the United States fuels the fascist-like measures supported by Attorney General Ashcroft, measures which have far-reaching implications for American citizens.

From the Paper
"The problem with this approach is that the civil rights of American citizens, legal residents, and visitors is violated. Most Americans would be willing to undergo enhanced security checks at airports. In fact, Gore Vidal, in his article "The New War on Freedom," cites a CNN/Times poll conducted a few days after the terrorist attacks of September 11 which showed that 74% of people believe "it would be necessary for Americans to give up some of their personal freedoms," (Vidal). However, in the wake of the terrorist attacks, the federal government was able to sneak the USA PATRIOT act by Congress and the American people. Without protest, Americans are giving up their power to law enforcement agencies, under the assumption that some loss of freedom is necessary."

Tags:death, penalty, Muslim, Department, of, Justice, INS

Abstract
The paper discusses the issue of terrorism as being the most stringent aspect of international politics, since the events of 2001 proved that terrorism is by no means a conventional threat and a conventional war cannot be waged against it. The paper states that it is important that a comprehensive approach on the matter be taken into consideration. The paper further discusses that the United States has been promoting a complex counter terrorism policy which includes the combination of various aspects of foreign policy. The paper focuses on the fact that pursuing a military unconventional warfare strategy in a diplomatic environment will only work, if there is synergy within the United States Government.

From the Paper
"One of the first aspects to be taken into account is the issue of the global nature of the terrorist threat. In this sense, the United States has been widely considered a worldwide approach on the matter. This method of dealing with terrorism is obvious in the 2006 National Strategy for Combating Terrorism. More precisely, the document drew the guidelines for the activities of the US Government in its attempt to address the issue of terrorism. In this sense, among other aspects, the policy considers that action must be taken in order to "advance effective democracies as the long-term antidote to the ideology of terrorism; prevent attacks by terrorist networks; deny terrorists the support and sanctuary of rogue states; deny terrorists control of any nation they would use as a base and launching pad for terror; and lay the foundations and build the institutions and structures we need to carry the fight forward against terror and help ensure our ultimate success" . All these measures are taken in relation to two distinctive paths of action which in order to be effective, must be interlinked and combined. These two directions are the military and the diplomatic one."

Tags:counter, terrorism, warfare, strategy, unconventional, warfare

Abstract
This paper discusses several of the problems in the Middle East which are related to politics, violence, terrorism and leadership. It specifically focuses on the concept of counter-terrorism and if it can be successful in promoting peace in the Middle East. The paper concludes by discussing what the writer believes can be done in that area of the world to promote peace.

From the Paper
"While making peace with the organization may be possible at a future date, I believe there is currently too much hatred by the members towards Americans for that to be possible. Also, as long as bin laden is alive and not captured he will continue to pump up anti American sentiment. Once he is captured however, and sent to prison I believe there will eventually be a chance to make peace with that organization and perhaps turn it toward positive community actions on a worldwide basis and affecting changes through non violent and legal methods."

Tags:Osama, Hamas, Hizbollah

Abstract
After the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States went on the offensive against Afghanistan, its Taliban leadership and Al Qaeda. Since then, the "war on terror" has expanded to include Iraq, despite the lack of evidence of weapons of mass destruction on their part or of a link between Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein. The paper shows that, although as an American it is easy to see why the government would want to combat terrorism, the policies and actions taken by the United States have not been the best for reducing the threat of counter-terrorism

From the Paper
"The most obvious place for improvement in the United States counterterrorism policy is in the dominant position that the United States insists on taking in such situations. Such an attitude limits the ability of government officials to understand the underlying causes of acts of terrorism against the United States. While it would not necessarily improve the state of affairs to negotiate face to face with terrorist groups, it would certainly be useful to carefully consider the background and experiences of those groups that choose to terrorize the United States."

Tags:Bush, propaganda, hostages, troops, World, Trade, Center

Abstract
The paper discusses the many security measures that have been instituted in the aftermath of 9/11 attacks, mainly in the area of aviation. The paper describes all the legislation enacted regarding airline security and shows the deficiencies that have been highlighted by each hijacking or bombing attempt. The author brings criticism of security standards and shows how after each security failure the security establishments improve their regulations. The paper explains the public's response to strict and often time consuming regulations and shows that when a tragedy is relatively recent, the public are accepting about often disruptive measures.

From the Paper
"Terrorism takes up a good deal of our foreign policy apparatus today, not only in dealing directly with terrorist threats but with the need to develop and implement measure for counter-terrorism. Such programs are also much in view domestically through actions by the Homeland Security Agency and other government agencies dedicated to protecting the citizenry. This emphasis has been strong since 9-11, widely perceived to have been not only a terrorist attack but an example of the failure of counter-terrorist measures at the time. Since then, a number of security measures have been instituted, some meeting more resistance than others, and some more successful than others. Given the nature of the 9-11 attacks, which involved the hijacking of three commercial airliners and their use as weapons, it is natural that airline security be one of the first orders of business. Most flyers report that they feel safer now as a result, but they also note the degree to which many of these measures are disruptive, time-consuming, and in some cases misdirected."

Tags:security, airline, aviation, hijacking

Abstract
This paper explains that many companies have developed counter-terrorist technology for commercial applications to government, airlines, shipping ports and other easy and potential targets; two of the biggest ideas in counter-terrorist technology include biometrics and nanotechnology. The author points out the PACE project shows that biometrics may be the way to keep countries safe from known terrorists by utilizing technology such as facial scans, which work by measuring distances between lips, nose, eyes, and other features to determine whether someone's face actually matches a scan previously taken. The paper states that nanotechnology has not really taken off, but efforts are being applied to make some commercial applications using this technology.

From the Paper
"One of the companies that is working hard to bring biometrics to the forefront of counter-terrorism technology is Fingerscan Pty Ltd, which is a subsidiary of a larger identification and biometrics company based in California. Fingerscan is working toward using fingerprint recognition technology to identify and authenticate individuals. Most of this technology would apply to banks and other high security areas where fraud and deceit can sometimes be problematic. However, after the terrorist attacks, it is clear that this type of scan will likely be utilized in even more commercial applications to ensure that individuals who come into a country are who they claim to be. This could be vitally important and have far-reaching applications for the counter-terrorism concerns that plague many countries today, and could keep many safer."

Tags:fingerprint, nanotechnology, biometrics, scan, face

Abstract
The paper discusses a risk assessment and counter-measure proposal for the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management. The risk assessment follows the Department of Homeland Security's RAMCAP methodology resulting in an integrated response mechanism to the threat of terrorism across the State of New Jersey. The paper explains that the result is a multi-tiered response strategy not targeting any specific terrorist threat at this high organizational level but that rather develops an all-hazards approach and methodology within which specific first responders will develop appropriate individual responses and counter-measures for each unique potential terrorist action.

From the Paper
"The following document discusses a risk assessment and counter-measure proposal for the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management. The risk assessment follows the Department of Homeland Security's RAMCAP methodology resulting in an integrated response mechanism to the threat of terrorism across the State of New Jersey. The result is a multi-tiered response strategy not targeting any specific terrorist threat at this high organizational level but rather develops an all-hazards approach and methodology within which specific first responders will develop appropriate individual responses and counter-measures for each unique..."

Tags:risk, assessment, terrorist

Abstract
The paper discusses a risk assessment for the New Jersey Office of Emergency Management (NJOEM) and explains that the assessment follows the Department of Homeland Security's Risk Analysis and Management for Critical Asset Protection (RAMCAP) methodology. The paper discusses how the proposal includes the prioritized screening of assets and the characterization of types of terrorist activity resulting in an integrated response mechanism to the threat of terrorism across the State of New Jersey. The paper offers a list of operational principles that the NJOEM should adopt within its organizational structure.

Outline:
Abstract
Overview
Asset Characterization & Screening
Threat Characterization
Consequence Analysis
Vulnerability Analysis
Risk Assessment
Risk Management/Counter-Measures

From the Paper
"The New Jersey Office of Emergency Management (NJOEM) is a multi-bureau section of the State of New Jersey's governmental apparatus. The 3 bureaus that comprise the NJOEM are the Communications Bureau, the Emergency Preparedness Bureau, and the Recovery Bureau and the NJOEM resides within the New Jersey State Police infrastructure (Organization, 2007). While the NJOEM has always existed to respond to emergencies of all types including terrorism, terrorism and terrorist acts have received greater emphasis within the NJOEM following the well-documented events of 9/11. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines terrorism in the following manner: "the unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in the furtherance of political or social objectives" (Emergency, 2007)."

Tags:assets, screening, characterization, security, vulnerability

Abstract
This paper explains that the Phoenix Program, known as Phung Hoang in Vietnam, was designed to combine the resources of existing Vietnamese intelligence operations under a single banner of CIA control to "neutralize" the Vietcong and South Vietnamese VC sympathizers and to assist the United States in winning the war by stemming the flood of communists seeping down from the north. The author points out that, in retrospect, Phoenix was a program, which gained a horrible reputation during and after the war for its alleged crimes against humanity; American officially stated that Phoenix was responsible for the death of 20,857 Vietcong members during the war. The paper states that the fundamental flaw of the program was America's inability to recognize the Vietcong as a revolutionary, anti-colonial force whose origins are nearly a hundred years old and whose purpose might have some legitimacy; rather the CIA argued that the VC were crippled victims of Communist terror practices.

From the Paper
"The creation of the CIO marked a sudden increase in the use of political warfare by the Americans in Vietnam. Their tactics were copied almost directly from their Communist partners. Vietcong propaganda teams would descend on a Southern village and call a general meeting for the dissemination of anti-American ideas and propaganda. The visits were repeated, and if the villagers were reluctant to join the Vietcong, then they practiced what is known as selective terror. They would arrest a member of the village for spying and then put the villager on trial before a dummy court. The villager was always convicted, and then brutally murdered in the center of the village."

Tags:capture, psychological-warfare, legitimacy, propaganda, offices