This paper discusses the novel, "George Washington Gomez," by Americo Paredes, which strongly endorses the Mexican seditionist movement by depicting a protagonist whose life is ruined because he hates his own race and, thus, himself.
1,255 words (approx. 5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 42.95
Abstract This paper explains that the Mexican revolutionaries of the novel fight to preserve their cultural integrity against impingement by Anglos seeking to profit off the Mexican land with a rapaciousness paralleling the British colonizers to the American colonies, hence, the designation of the novel's protagonist as an ironically named George Washington Gomez. The author points out that the greatest internal and external crisis of the novel occurs when Gualinto kills the revolutionary and prison escapee, Lupe Garda, symbolically killing his seditionist father, his own identity, and the integrity of the community, showing how the Anglo encroachment of law and education has fully impinged upon Gualinto's mind. The paper relates that author Americo Paredes makes parallels throughout his book with the counter-revolutionary actions of the protagonist and that of earlier revolutionary periods of internal division in American history; for example, a man is noted as having a "John Brown beard," tying the initial description to the earlier American era of anti-slavery revolts in America, such as John Brown's raid upon Harper's Ferry.
From the Paper "During the height of the military crisis, Gualinto must continually wrestle with his own values and beliefs. He has returned to his community after higher education, law school and the military, all ideologies that have taught him that his people's ways are inferior to white ways. One of the earliest examples of Gualinto verbally expressing his sense of self-hatred occurs in the context of a discussion over money for college, as Gualinto rants against his father, calling him an "ignorant Mexican," even though the boy is of his father's own nation, flesh, and blood, a Mexican himself."
Tags: colonizers, counter-revolutionary, protagonist, father, law
Argues that the real reason American Revolutionaries fought for independence was not that they opposed oppression, but that they simply opposed British rule.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 12 sources, 2002, $ 71.95
Abstract This paper discusses American Revolutionaries. American Revolutionaries are the most admired people in the history of our country. It is believed that these people sacrificed their lives to drive British out of the colonies so oppression could be ended. But it is strange then that it was after the British rule ended that racial issue surfaced and reached alarming levels. Not only did slavery become devastating, the central government also decided to withdraw autonomy from all member states so that central government could interfere in the internal matters of any state. This shows that American revolutionaries were not as much against oppression as they were against the British authoritarian rule and this was the most important reason behind their revolt.
Abstract The paper looks at people who consider themselves members of the counter-culture; those disaffected with the world today. It takes an in-depth look at the clothes that they wear to identify themselves and discusses the meaning behind this choice.
From the Paper "As the world shrinks with the growing access to communication media and globalization, the signs of the counter-culture increase. Fighting against the corporate take over of the world, devastation of the environment, and unjust labour practices; people who identify themselves as members of the counter-culture have devised their own unique codes of meaning through the use of clothing. The actual articles are pieces that can be readily seen by others, appropriately framed to look hap-hazard and often layered to demonstrate a flexible range of meanings. The main pieces include exterior clothing,..."
Abstract This paper explores African-Americans role in the Revolutionary War. It begins with laws that concerned blacks and firearms as early as 1609. It discusses accounts from actual African Americans and their stories. The paper goes through the process of how blacks were eventually allowed to fight.
From the Paper "African-American soldiers were used in the Revolutionary War by both the British and the Americans. It was the British who used them initially, but their example was soon followed by the colonies. It was a slow process on the American side, but all-black units were eventually created. Colonial militias were typically composed of most adult men capable of bearing arms in a community. Originally militias were very inclusive, but as the 17th century neared its end, they became more selective. Indentured servants, free blacks, and slaves were the first to he purged. Virginia led the way among the colonies in excluding blacks from militia service, when the House of Burgesses required in January 1639 that only white Virginians arm themselves. Yet, in a pattern that was to repeat itself into the 18th century, both sides armed slaves and promised them freedom in exchange for military service in 1676 during Bacon's Rebellion. "
Tags: blacks, revolutionary, war, colonial, times, military
Abstract The paper discusses the revolutionary movements in China between 1926 and 1928. The paper examines accounts from Mao in 1926 and 1928 with particular focus on issues of power base and military ability. The work of two other writers is used to demonstrate the contradictions in Mao's accounts.
From the Paper "Revolutionary movements in China appear to be an important part of modern Chinese history. Although the actual role of revolutions in modern Chinese history is indisputable, the character of these revolutions is often debatable. One of the most debated aspects of the revolutionary period in modern China has been the nature of the revolutionary movement's power base. This essay will examine the nature of the power base of the revolutionary communist party. By examining the works of Mao in 1926 and 1928 it will be demonstrated that the thoughts on the power base of the communist party changed significantly between 1926 and 1928."
Abstract This essay examines the implications of the National Assembly, the internal and external military action, conditions in Paris and economic and social injustices which culminated in the radicalization of the French Revolution. It looks at the various stages of the Revolution and gives an historical overview of the events that led up to it as well as the revolution itself.
The French Revolution radicalized in 1793 as the revolutionary masses attempted to change their political power and overcome what they perceived as economic and social injustices. This radicalization occurred foremost as a reaction to counter-revolutionary forces which pushed the radical revolutionaries into action to preserve the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.
From the Paper "By 1793 the French Revolution had established the principles of equality before the law, the sovereignty of nation and representative institutions and introduced changes in political and social institutions. Roger price refers to this first stage as the "creative" phase. However, in 1793 the Convention voted for the execution of the king, marking a break with the past and the revolution radicalised and the reign of terror began. Eric Hobsbawm states that the French Revolution was "a mass social revolution and immeasurably more radical than any comparable upheaval". The violent radicalisation of 1973 was not from "Enlightenment theorising" but from the pressures from internal and external wars and "the related twin political forces unleashed by the Revolution itself, popular radicalism and elite counter-revolution". The interaction between the revolution and counter-revolution forces provided the pressure which radicalised the French Revolution in 1793."
Tags: france, radicalization, 1973, enlightenment, counter, war
Abstract This paper looks at the process of gentrification and counter-gentrification in a particular Toronto neighborhood, known as Kensington Market. It argues that counter gentrification is currently a very powerful force in Kensington Market. It suggests that Kensington Market is too popular of an area to remain unaffected by gentrification and that it is also quite possible that counter-gentrification may unintentionally create the perfect conditions for gentrification to take hold.
Table of Contents:
Kensington Market
Car Free Sundays and the Anti-Corporate Movement
Are Counter Gentrification Forces Being Successful
Counter Gentrification Becoming a Force of Gentrification
Conclusions
Appendix
From the Paper "The resistance to this store was led by a performance artist going by the name Reverend Billy and his church of Church of Stop Shopping. In essence this group preformed a very large performance piece in front of the Freshmart. This brought a great deal of negative publicity to the Freshmart (Shiff 2004: 1). The goals of these activities were to make life difficult for corporate businesses so they might close down. It also serves as a disincentive to corporate businesses so that they are less likely to set up operations in Kensington Market."
Abstract This paper questions how revolutionary the US Revolutionary War really was. The paper points out that such a question is multi-faceted and deserves a multi-faceted answer. The paper then goes on to examine the ways in which the War was revolutionary and those ways in which is was not so revolutionary. The paper concludes that while the US Revolutionary War was revolutionary in terms of government and global politics and for non-elite white males, it was not very revolutionary for women or African Americans, as they were not granted suffrage, enough of an education to be independent, the right to run for public office, or viewed as equal to men socially.
From the Paper "The evolution of government created by the Revolutionary War expanded beyond the realms of suffrage to religion for the common man. In Virginia, Methodists and Baptists petitioned for freedom of religion akin to that which the Puritans enjoyed. During the ratification of Virginia's constitution, liberals and secular-minded individuals managed to enact the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, which was the first law to separate church and state in the colonies. Eight years later in Philadelphia, Jews sought civil rights as well."
This paper examines the Counter-terrorism Office of the United States Government - an office which goes by the title, Office of the Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism.
Abstract This paper looks at the directives which guide the actions of the Office of the Coordinator for Counter-Terrorism, as well as its strategies and tactics, its various functions and programs and how the office is organized. The paper highlights how much changed in America after 9/11, especially for a government branch devoted to intelligence-gathering and to security. The paper discusses how the Counter-terrorism Office has grown, with its associations with other government agencies, increasingly complex and involved.
From the Paper "Whatever the criticisms leveled against the Bush Administration's "War on Terror" by its critics, few can dispute that the United States must pursue a forceful policy against terrorist activities if it is to secure its safety at home and abroad. Certainly, recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the attention granted to anti-terror measures and institutions in light of the fact that 9/11 proved, once and for all, that America too is vulnerable to terror assaults. In addition to the heightened interest surrounding the anti-terror tools America had in place prior to 9/11, the last five-and-a-half years has borne witness to the creation of new institutions geared expressly to fighting terrorism - the National Counter-Terrorism Center chief among them."
Abstract This paper concerns itself with applying Thomas H. Green's taxonomy of revolution leadership, "Comparative Revolutionary Movements" to two cases in a comparative manner: the enigmatic personas of Samora Machel and Sam Nujoma. The author provides extensive background information on the revolutions and revolutionaries in question. The paper discusses how Green sets out an analytical framework for comparing revolutions based on the comparison of leadership, support, ideology, organization, techniques and external support.
From the Paper:
"Revolution has pervaded the landscape of modern African history with a plethora of different examples. To be sure, from Algeria to Guinea Bissau, Angola to Mozambique and Zimbabwe to Namibia, Africa has seen her fair share of transformation-orientated uprising. Each of the myriad of African revolutions has their own story to tell regarding causes, characteristics and outcomes. This paper concerns itself with the characteristics of revolution. To be specific, the leaderships aspects of revolution. Now, African history is colored with many great revolutionaries: Hendrik Witbooi, Joshua Nkomo, Robert Mugabe, Jonas Savimbi, Ben Bella, john Chilembwe and Bambatha all invoke in their own right memories of the some of the greatest African leaders of our time and that of the generations before us. It is important to understand the socio-psychology of this very unique type of leadership. To this end, we can employ the criterion of Thomas H Green, developed in his seminal work "Comparative Revolutionary Movements."
This paper addresses the domestic measures and policies that have been taken to ensure the continued safety of American citizens against terrorist organizations.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, 2002, $ 80.95
Abstract This paper addresses the domestic measures and policies that have been taken to ensure the continued safety of American citizens against terrorist organizations. Overt aggression such as the war in Afghanistan shall not be a focus of this paper, for while such actions can indeed be termed as a counter to terrorism, they are not designed to directly counter terrorism but rather to remove the threat entirely in addition to acting as retribution. A focus shall be on the efficiency of the INS and on airline safety, for these two areas are believed to have been the greatest contributing factors to the events that occurred on September 11th. APA style.
Tags: POLITICAL SCIENCE / TERRORISM, countering terrorism airports
Abstract This paper explains that many companies have developed counter-terrorist technology for commercial applications to government, airlines, shipping ports and other easy and potential targets; two of the biggest ideas in counter-terrorist technology include biometrics and nanotechnology. The author points out the PACE project shows that biometrics may be the way to keep countries safe from known terrorists by utilizing technology such as facial scans, which work by measuring distances between lips, nose, eyes, and other features to determine whether someone's face actually matches a scan previously taken. The paper states that nanotechnology has not really taken off, but efforts are being applied to make some commercial applications using this technology.
From the Paper "One of the companies that is working hard to bring biometrics to the forefront of counter-terrorism technology is Fingerscan Pty Ltd, which is a subsidiary of a larger identification and biometrics company based in California. Fingerscan is working toward using fingerprint recognition technology to identify and authenticate individuals. Most of this technology would apply to banks and other high security areas where fraud and deceit can sometimes be problematic. However, after the terrorist attacks, it is clear that this type of scan will likely be utilized in even more commercial applications to ensure that individuals who come into a country are who they claim to be. This could be vitally important and have far-reaching applications for the counter-terrorism concerns that plague many countries today, and could keep many safer."
Tags: fingerprint, nanotechnology, biometrics, scan, face
This paper discusses counter trade mechanisms, which are a part of the exchange of currency for countries that do not allow free conversion of currency.
Abstract This paper explains that counter trade mechanisms come in many different forms; the most common form, used especially among lesser-developed countries, involves businesses exchanging commodities without using money, with a bank managing the exchanges. The author describes other forms of counter trade, including buy-back, getting partial cash and partial goods payment for services or good offered; offset, selling a high-dollar contract of equipment to a company in another country, which, in return, agrees to purchase a high-dollar contract of goods back from the country; and bilateral trading agreements between foreign governments. The paper relates that, although there are benefits, there are risks with this form of exchange mechanisms; therefore, it is important to have an agreement in place that meets the legal requirements of both countries involved.
From the Paper "When a country has freely convertible currency it means that people, both residents and nonresidents of the country, are able to buy an unlimited supply of currency. Conversely, a country is considered to have nonconvertible currency when people, whether residents or nonresidents of the country, are unable to convert foreign currency. In between being a nonconvertible and a convertible country regarding foreign currency is externally convertible. Externally convertible means that nonresidents of the country can freely convert their foreign currency in unlimited amounts."
Abstract This paper discusses possible strategies to counter the threat posed to the United States, by Osama Bin Laden. It describes the danger that Bin Laden poses in relation to his influence and his organization, Al Qaeda, and discusses previously used strategies and their success. It then goes on to discuss the option of using counter-terrorism to combat terrorist activities and reduce the risk of terrorism that Bin Laden poses.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Osama Bin Laden
From the Paper "Osama Bin Laden is the head of one of the most dangerous terrorist organizations; namely The Al Qa'ida organization. This organization is difficult to fight in conventional terms as it is characterized by its networking style of operation which makes the organization difficult to track and combat. (Al-Qaeda. Wikipedia.) Another factor which makes conventional military actions difficult is that the organization is also obscure in terms of its membership and leadership hierarchy. While Osama Bin Laden is the ostensible leader and symbolic head of the organization, the actual leadership structure is largely unknown. This leads to the realization that combating and countering Osama Bin Laden cannot be adequately achieved through formal military strategy."
This paper examines the article "The Lessons of International Cooperation in Counter-terrorism: Address to RUSI Conference in Transnational Terrorism, A Global Approach" by Anthony Cordesman.
Abstract The paper reviews "The Lessons of International Cooperation in Counter-terrorism: Address to RUSI Conference in Transnational Terrorism, A Global Approach" by Anthony Cordesman that discusses the need for international cooperation in counter-terrorism efforts. The paper looks at how Cordesman focuses on instances of cooperation and the lack of it in the past. The paper then points out that although Cordesman's work is logical, it is still merely the opinion of one expert on this subject.
From the Paper "Cordesman's article clearly addresses experts in the field of counterterrorism, through a developed set of points regarding historical lessons that have been learned with regard to the need for international cooperation in counterterrorism efforts and future suggestions about such communications. The author first points out discrepancies in the definition of terrorism that are dependant upon the intent or view of the individual or organization, then moves on to discuss seven points about international communication on counter terrorism."
