Abstract
This paper examines historian Arthur M. Melzer's interpretation of Rousseau's "New Religion of Sincerity", including his critiques of both the Church and the philosophes and his belief in the primacy of the individual's personal relationship to God.

From the Paper
"In his article, Melzer poses the question of whether Rousseau's counter-Enlightenment conception of religion was a resurgence of traditional belief or if it continued the Enlightenment in some fundamental way. Melzer bases his arguments on several of Rousseau's writings, especially the Social Contract and Emile. Melzer also compares Rousseau's ideas with those of other philosophes like Voltaire. Melzer concludes that Rousseau's new "religion of sincerity" grew out of both the Enlightenment's criticisms of Christianity and Rousseau's similar criticisms of the philosophes themselves. Melzer begins by outlining Rousseau's criticisms of Christianity: primarily, that it is incompatible with republican virtues, and that it destroys the unity of the state and of the very soul. Melzer draws quotes primarily from Emile and from the Social Contract to support his characterization of Rousseau as highly critical of Christianity, both as it exists in practice and in theory."

Tags:resurgence, traditional, belief, voltaire, emile, social, contract, critical, christianity

Abstract
This paper is an argumentative essay that focuses on those who would have opposed the Enlightenment in the nineteenth and twentieth century and their reasons for their opposition. The paper first defines the Enlightenment and then describes its philosophy and outlook.

From the Paper
"In our society today we believe that rational thought is the key to good governance, scientific progress, philosophical achievement and morality. We tend to forget, however, that this has not always been the case. Our current day emphasis on reason and rationality is the direct offshoot of a historical period known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that started in the Eighteenth century and advocated rational thought and reason as the means to establish an authoritative system of ethics, government aesthetics and logic. By using reason..."

Tags:enlightenment, reaction, values, morality, reason, rationality, argument

Abstract
In their essay, "The Concept of Enlightenment," authors Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno chart the process of humanity's efforts to better understand their place within existence, a process that Horkeimer and Adorno refer to as efforts to become enlightened through exploring the influences and, to varying degrees, the abandonment of the practices of mythology, magic and theology. This paper explores these issues in contrast with the Holocaust.

From the Paper
"The current rise of science as a dominant world view and thus the method through which human beings are currently able to frame issues beyond their immediate range of experience and perception is, Horkeimer and Adorno believe, merely the latest dominant model through which human beings are seeking to explore the world and achieve a more enlightened state of mind."

Tags:enlightenment, culture, holocaust

Abstract
The paper looks at people who consider themselves members of the counter-culture; those disaffected with the world today. It takes an in-depth look at the clothes that they wear to identify themselves and discusses the meaning behind this choice.

From the Paper
"As the world shrinks with the growing access to communication media and globalization, the signs of the counter-culture increase. Fighting against the corporate take over of the world, devastation of the environment, and unjust labour practices; people who identify themselves as members of the counter-culture have devised their own unique codes of meaning through the use of clothing. The actual articles are pieces that can be readily seen by others, appropriately framed to look hap-hazard and often layered to demonstrate a flexible range of meanings. The main pieces include exterior clothing,..."

Tags:counter, culture, clothes

Abstract
The paper is based on an article about the results of "Newtonianism", and includes two other brief references to show the decline of Roman Catholic authority and the rise of secular science and reason. The paper examines how this occurred mainly in northern and central Europe, ending the medieval period's combined power of church and state .The paper explains which elements have been carried on to the present, asking a final question of how much of western culture is not a result of the Enlightenment.

From the Paper
"Scientific and intellectual developments of the 17th century in Europe made for great popular faith in human reason that came to influence, strongly, ideas and activities in the next two centuries. By separating science from the absolute authority of religion that had dominated much of European society, for centuries, all phenomena came to be discussed according to objective, scientific models. Through the medieval period that gave way to the Enlightenment, a very paternal attitude had been taken in which free thinking was seen as dangerous by the Church that had great influence over all social life, and also, political life."

Tags:enlightenment, sources, results

Abstract
An account of selected women artists representing two periods: the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, citing the importance of their social connections in enabling them to pursue a career as professional artists.

From the Paper
"However art did not so much create the Renaissance although of course its creative principles were significant as reflect the dynamics of post medieval thought and behavior. The series of gradual changes in values ways of thinking and beliefs that emerged beginning in the ... th century never disposed entirely of the values or iconography of Christian Europe however the values of theocracy and soteriology ..."

Tags:Enlightenment, Renaissance, women artists

Abstract
George Orwell's novel "1984" is certainly one of the seminal works of the twentieth century. As such, "1984" has been the subject of much literary criticism. This criticism has identified certain main themes in the novel. One main theme of "1984" is totalitarianism, although critics disagree about whether the book is modeled after past totalitarian societies, is a theory of totalitarianism, or both. Another major strain of critical thought is that "1984" is an anti-Enlightenment novel. Thie essay reviews seven literary critics' interpretations of the theme of "1984". All seven writers identify the main themes as one of the two main themes mentioned above.

From the Paper
"Irving Howe also interprets 1984 as a totalitarian novel based upon events in recent history. As Howe states, "No other book has succeeded so completely in rendering the essential quality of totalitarianism" (324). What that means, in practical terms, "is that in a totalitarian world man's life is shorn of dynamic possibilities" (Howe 324). Everything is controlled; nothing is left to chance. The powers that be determine the course of one's life. Like Rahv, Howe equates Goldstein with Trotsky (326). Howe, however, is less interested in the actual parallels between Stalinism and the government of Oceania. What he is particularly interested in is the relevance 1984 has to a modern audience. Howe argues that Orwell's novel is a warning to non-totalitarian societies that they must be ever vigilant."

Tags:Oceania, counter-Enlightenment, dystopian, extrapolation

Abstract
This essay examines the implications of the National Assembly, the internal and external military action, conditions in Paris and economic and social injustices which culminated in the radicalization of the French Revolution. It looks at the various stages of the Revolution and gives an historical overview of the events that led up to it as well as the revolution itself.
The French Revolution radicalized in 1793 as the revolutionary masses attempted to change their political power and overcome what they perceived as economic and social injustices. This radicalization occurred foremost as a reaction to counter-revolutionary forces which pushed the radical revolutionaries into action to preserve the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity.

From the Paper
"By 1793 the French Revolution had established the principles of equality before the law, the sovereignty of nation and representative institutions and introduced changes in political and social institutions. Roger price refers to this first stage as the "creative" phase. However, in 1793 the Convention voted for the execution of the king, marking a break with the past and the revolution radicalized and the reign of terror began. Eric Hobsbawm states that the French Revolution was "a mass social revolution and immeasurably more radical than any comparable upheaval". The violent radicalization of 1973 was not from "Enlightenment theorizing" but from the pressures from internal and external wars and "the related twin political forces unleashed by the Revolution itself, popular radicalism and elite counter-revolution". The interaction between the revolution and counter-revolution forces provided the pressure which radicalized the French Revolution in 1793."

Tags:france, radicalization, 1973, enlightenment, counter, war

Abstract
This paper seeks to outline the abuses occurring in Colombia, carried out both directly and indirectly through aid from the U.S., justified by our so-called "war on drugs." The paper explains that the U.S. drug policies implemented in the early part of the 20th century gave rise decades later to initiatives directed abroad designed to curtail drug production on the supply-side in a supposed effort to control and reduce U.S. domestic drug use and accessibility. The paper goes on to assert that these policies and initiatives appear to have done very little to reduce the number of drugs produced or brought into this country, but are directly responsible for damaged relations between the U.S. and foreign nations and have intensified impoverished conditions and social injustices among the peoples where these initiatives have been directed. The paper clarifies that Colombia is one such case where the U.S. has focused an enormous amount of attention on drug production over the last few decades, escalating those efforts to the point of violence since the 1990s. The paper concludes that heightened efforts are required on a widespread level to bring about enlightenment through better understanding to counter the currents bent on pervading and dominating the globe.

Outline:

Introduction
Background on the Issues / A History of U.S. Involvement in Colombia
Integration of chosen topic and chosen organization
Proposed Solution #1
Proposed Solution #2
Chosen Solution and Justification
Conclusion

From the Paper
"There is also a good bit of controversy surrounding the varied results of the scientific testing of these formulations, with regulatory agency reviewers siding with Monsanto (the maker of Roundup, a variant of which is being used in the fumigation mixture in Colombia) in more cases than not, discrediting or ignoring the results of independent studies and dismissing the methodology used despite them being published in reputable, peer-reviewed scientific journals (Sherret, 2005, p. 158). In one section (Reproductive and Endocrinological Effects), the reviewers cite only two studies, both of which were undertaken by Monsanto researchers as the basis for their conclusion (Sherret, 2005, p. 158). This information is extremely disconcerting and lends credence to suspicions that corruption exists within the corporations manufacturing these products and the U.S. regulatory agencies created to ensure that products are actually safe for their intended use."

Tags:aerial fumigation, glyphosate cosmo-flux synergism coca cocaine

Abstract
In this essay, the author first examines the term 'public service broadcasting', and what it is understood to mean today. The paper then moves to an examination of the concept of national identity and a consideration of the relevance and value of having a sense of national identity. Finally, the paper takes a look at globalization and digitization, the effects that they can have on national identity, and the role that public service broadcasting can play in countering some of these effects. A website article on the public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom is appended to the paper.

From the Paper
"On its surface, 'digitalisation; refers to the move from analogue modes of representation - such as AM radio or 35mm film - to digitised formats, where information is stored in a series of 'bits' (binary digits) and recreated according to pre-defined algorithms (examples include DAB - Digital Audio Broadcasting - or the storage of text items on computer, using the ASCII standard). However, when used in reference to the mass media, the term has a more specific, and one could say complex, meaning. The development of new forms of digital communications technology, leveraging ever more powerful computing resources, is leading to what is termed the "information age""

Tags:john, lord, reith, director, general, bbc, reithian, enlightenment, information, education