Abstract
The paper looks at people who consider themselves members of the counter-culture; those disaffected with the world today. It takes an in-depth look at the clothes that they wear to identify themselves and discusses the meaning behind this choice.

From the Paper
"As the world shrinks with the growing access to communication media and globalization, the signs of the counter-culture increase. Fighting against the corporate take over of the world, devastation of the environment, and unjust labour practices; people who identify themselves as members of the counter-culture have devised their own unique codes of meaning through the use of clothing. The actual articles are pieces that can be readily seen by others, appropriately framed to look hap-hazard and often layered to demonstrate a flexible range of meanings. The main pieces include exterior clothing,..."

Tags:counter, culture, clothes

Abstract
This paper describes the vast differences between the America of the 1950's and the America of the 1960's. In this argumentative essay, the author describes the 50's as a time that restored puritanical traditional values to society, and the 60's as a time of national discontent and revolution. The paper discusses McCarthyism, the Cold War, the civil rights movement and Nixon's presidency.

From the Paper
"Prior to the 1950 s, the American dream was popularly asserted as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness or at least a similar variation on that ideal. The aftermath of World War II however, saw a hyper-compensation for the potential of disillusionment with strategic product placement, quality family programming on television and, generally speaking, a restoration of puritanical American traditional values. The American dream became two shiny Buicks in a suburban driveway, Pat Boone and a sanitized version of human reality, complete with celibacy, a guise of spirituality and repressed hostility."

Tags:activism, change, civil, cold, international, mccarthyism, radical, red, relations, resistance, revolution, rights, scare, social, vietnam, war

Abstract
This paper explains that the human collective shadow is traits, which represent the collective experience of people's alter egos or darker sides that become the collective cultural shadow. The author points out that the archetypal, which is the antithesis of the collective shadow, is the way in which the collective culture tends to perceive itself without being aware of the dark shadow. The paper describes the archetypal of Western culture and the ways it has changed over time.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Collective Shadow
The Archetype

From the Paper
"It is from these unrealistic archetypal images that, during the 1960s, the darker shadow side of American culture began to clash with. The result was the counter cultural revolution of the 1960s, wherein young people went to seemingly great extremes to look and behave opposite the archetypal image, which soon became known as "the establishment." At a point in American history, during the years of the Vietnam Conflict, it would have served Americans well to have found a way to blend the archetypal with the new; but that did not occur. "

Tags:psychopathic, alter egos, disenfranchised patriarchal, counter cultural revolution

Abstract
This paper examines how, as increasing numbers of businesses look to expand and develop their consumer and market base through the internationalisation of their operations, managers are recognising the importance of effective international marketing to counter the increased levels of uncertainty and complexity. It focuses specifically on the role of culture in the formulation of international marketing strategies, using a number of examples to highlight the points raised. Firstly, international marketing strategies are considered in more detail, followed by an exploration of the concept of culture and its influence on international marketing strategies.

Outline
Introduction
What are International Marketing Strategies?
Understanding Culture
The Role of Culture in International Marketing Strategy Formulation
Hofstede?s Five Dimensions
Hall and Hall?s High-Low Context
Direct Influence on Marketing Mix
Product
Price
Place
Promotion
Importance of Ethics
Critiquing the Role of Culture
Conclusions
References
Appendix 1

From the Paper
"Since value judgements vary between and within cultures, perceptions of what constitutes acceptable behaviour also differ: for example a gift in one country may be considered a bribe in another (Cateora and Ghauri, 2000; Doole and Lowe, 2001). Kotabe and Helsen (2004 p.171) highlight the significance of this for international marketers who "must understand and respect cultural subtleties, whilst finding the limits of ethical behaviour"; since a company's ethical stance may affect its ability to do business in some countries. For example, Motorola's lengthy "Code of Business Conduct", sets out standards for accepted behaviour throughout the organisation (see www.motorola.com). They recognise the "ethical legitimacy" of gift-giving in Japan, but decline to "participate in the practice" (Hamilton and Knouse, 2001 p.87). This allows the company to show respect for Japanese culture, whilst maintaining its own corporate values. Similarly, consideration should be given to product usage and production processes, which may not be appropriate in certain cultures or environments."

Tags:culture, hofstede, business

Abstract
This paper explains that the use of torture is counter to the U.S. constitution; however, American ethnocentrism, which includes the beliefs that the country represents all that is good and decent and honorable and that freedom and the American way of life must be defended at all costs tend to underscore the acceptance of the use of torture in the case of preventing terrorism. The author believes that the White House response to photos of young military personnel at Abu Graib prision sexually assaulting and humiliating prisoners was to imply that only a few poorly supervised bad apple MPs would do such things. The paper states that, although President Bush says publicly that the U.S. is committed to the worldwide elimination of torture as an inalienable human right, the Bush administration actually fosters and encourages torture.

From the Paper
"Information and confessions obtained by torture are notoriously unreliable. People will say anything to escape the pain being inflicted upon them. Pain and fear are what torture is all about in tactics such as holding a person's head under water or wiring a mans hands, legs, and penis in order to deliver electric shocks. The people who are tortured are not necessarily guilty either. Many haven't even been charged. When Congress watched 1800 slides and several videos (three hours worth) of Abu Ghraib Prison, they saw American soldiers sexually assault prisoners with chemical light sticks."

Tags:military, administration, ethnocentrism, constitution, bush

Abstract
This paper discusses paratheatrical phenomenon such as was performed by traveling medieval performers, joungleurs, and minstrels. The Arab Hakawati, the Roman Naumachiae and gladiator games are described as well, as are nineteenth-century street performances, European and American Mountebanks, Nazi propaganda spectacles, and counter-culture happenings of the nineteen-sixties.

Abstract
This first part of this paper looks at Joplin's road from a small Texas town to the counter-culture center in San Francisco, California. In the second part, the paper examines her contributions to the counterculture of the 1960s, particularly towards ideas relating to race and gender.

From the Paper
The life of Janis Joplin is a study in contrasts. She cultivated a bad-girl image but was deeply hurt by her status as a social outcast. She fought for recognition in the male-dominated recording industry but eschewed the feminist movement. She was a white girl from a conservative family in Texas who embraced the civil rights movement and blues music. An icon of the 1960s counterculture movement, Joplin is also widely regarded as one of the movement's most tragic members."

Tags:civil, rights, race, gender

Abstract
This paper provides a literature review that shows that benefits from a cohesive multicultural team may include an increase in productivity and innovation, enhanced competitiveness, the fostering of flexibility, superior commitment to the employer and the client. The paper finds that this research confirms the author's hypothesis that when managers implement positive practices to counter challenges that multi-cultural teams present, then a number of benefits naturally materialize.
The paper includes figures as well as a vast amount of research material.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Discussion of Findings
Conclusion
Recommendations

From the Paper
"Nicole Johnson-Reece (2004), Vice President, diversity and community involvement of Cendant Corporation, Hotel Group, purports that to survive in any competitive environment, changes routinely have to be made to adapt to changes in the marketplace, whether that market be for a service or a particular product. In the article, "Developing an inclusive marketing strategy: Organizations that value diversity in their workplace and marketplace and support them with a focused marketing strategy will be industry leaders," Johnson-Reece points out that one primary changes occurring during the past 10 years is consumer behavior, and that "The US Census Bureau notes that American businesses are increasingly competing for the dollar of a much more culturally-diverse consumer segment than ever before" ( 1). In turn, organizations need to re-evaluate themselves and recognize the opportunity inherent in growing the multi-cultural customer base. This critical factor of evaluating and recognizing needs and opportunities to help nurture long-term success in an organization extend to managing today's culturally diverse workforce.
"According to the Business Wire report, "New joint venture focuses on it workforce and cross-cultural teams" (2007, for productivity to improve in today's culturally diverse workforce, organizations have to counter a number of multi-cultural challenges. This mandates that the organization "deliver custom training to address diversity and cross-cultural sensitivities for businesses that have multi cultural teams working together on projects" (New joint venture..., 2007, 2). When managers do effectively counter challenges common to multi-cultural team, the resulting well-functioning diverse teams contribute to increased innovation and productivity in the organization."

Tags:productivity, innovation, competitiveness, diversity, communication

Abstract
This paper looks at the novels "On the Road" and "The Naked Lunch" as examples of counter-cultural madness, where in the work of critiquing American culture, the authors choose madness as a site of exile. In each novel, the consciousness is foregrounded as the ultimate destination, where the journey to freedom is internal. Each essay also reflects strong influences of jazz music as the performance of altered realities, the transgression from confined culture towards alternative cultural sites of improvisation.

Abstract
The paper states that Daniel Bell's " The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism" was originally published to critique the dominant American assumption that capitalism promoted individualism. The paper comments that Bell instead believed that capitalism had come to promote standardization and had created corporate bureaucracies as powerful as church or state bureaucracies of the past. The paper continues by relating that Bell also believed that the counter cultural reaction to capitalism was also misguided, as capitalism had begun with the Protestant work ethic, and its spirit of individualistic austerity, puritanism, and freedom from Church institutional authority. The paper concludes that this sense of Protestant freedom and independence had slowly been eradicated, and this value was taken over by the Modernists, and then ineffectually by 'counterculture' as the anti-capitalist youth movement was still called when Bell wrote his work.

From the Paper
"The cultural contradiction of capitalism is that capitalism began as a kind of radical, austere Protestantism, with a heavy emphasis on rejecting the collective Catholic dogma of the past. Protestantism developed a new attitude towards wealth. It stressed pursuing excellence and perfect standards with relentless individualism and drive. But this rigidity made the originally radical notion of capitalism eventually become conservative in terms its morality. This evolved to create the uniform, imposed standards of large corporations and state bureaucracies, including, ironically, the Soviet bureaucracy. In response to what came to be seen as bourgeois values, the cultural beliefs of Modernism began to react against capitalist values and celebrate the function of culture as a kind of misrule, not capitalist order. Capitalistic Protestantism came to deny its original individualistic ethos, and this value of individualism was taken over by artists and anti-capitalism."

Tags:individualism, affordable, healthcare, bureaucracy