Abstract
This paper describes the vast differences between the America of the 1950's and the America of the 1960's. In this argumentative essay, the author describes the 50's as a time that restored puritanical traditional values to society, and the 60's as a time of national discontent and revolution. The paper discusses McCarthyism, the Cold War, the civil rights movement and Nixon's presidency.

From the Paper
"Prior to the 1950 s, the American dream was popularly asserted as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness or at least a similar variation on that ideal. The aftermath of World War II however, saw a hyper-compensation for the potential of disillusionment with strategic product placement, quality family programming on television and, generally speaking, a restoration of puritanical American traditional values. The American dream became two shiny Buicks in a suburban driveway, Pat Boone and a sanitized version of human reality, complete with celibacy, a guise of spirituality and repressed hostility."

Tags:activism, change, civil, cold, international, mccarthyism, radical, red, relations, resistance, revolution, rights, scare, social, vietnam, war

Abstract
This paper explains that, rather than being an essentially creative force, the primary objectives of the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians (RAPM), who were of the intelligentsia rather than the working-class, were to secure the hegemony of the proletariat in music, to bring culture to the aesthetically backward and to provide an ideological framework for the musical aspect of the Cultural Revolution. The author points out that RAPM differed with Stalin's regime and could not co-exist peacefully because they wanted to define musical policy themselves. The paper relates that, when Stalin's government attempted to co-opt the arts and force them into a propagandist role, which was essentially separate from and counter to the interests of the people, the RAPM was eliminated.

From the Paper
"It is crucial to remember that the RAPM was founded in 1923, a year before Lenin's death and Stalin's rise to power. Thus, Stalinism had not yet taken shape, much less become apparent in society at large. Marxism-Leninism, then, was the primary ideology behind the rise of the RAPM and similar cultural organizations. The focus on the proletariat in the RAPM is no surprise. The dominance of the proletariat in all realms of life is required by Marxist theory and groups like the RAPM sought to actualize this ideal in their specific areas of expertise."

Tags:intelligentsia, lenin, stalin, policy, elimination

Abstract
This paper explains that Don McLean's "American Pie", which debuted in 1972 at the height of the counter cultural revolution, was associated with the rebelliousness of the Hippies, the national social controversy of the Vietnam War, profound social changes in race relations and human rights and the women's liberation movement. The author points out that semiotics is the study of signs and symbols employed in communications and the process through which they develop their shared meaning among people who recognize and understand their intended message. The paper presents the semantic meaning of quoted lyrics from the song, such as 'I drove my Chevy to the levee but the levee was dry'. The author states that this relates to the three civil rights activists who were murdered by racists in Mississippi while working to register black voters in the rural South.

Table of Contents:
Semiotics
Cultural Context of Don McLean's American Pie
Semiotics of the Music

From the Paper
"Just as importantly, by the 1970s, the movement toward racial sensitivity had already resulted in a change from the term "race music" to "rhythm and blues" because the former had taken on an offensive symbolism of racial bigotry that was on the verge of
becoming culturally unacceptable. In particular, this change represents the distinction between language and semiotics in that purely non-literal influences inspired the semiotic evolution of elements of language. Whereas "rhythm" does correspond to a component of music and "blues" does correspond to a thematic focus of so-called "race music", the impetus for the change was strictly moral and ethical and not any need for linguistic precision."

Tags:symbols, syntactics, establishment, memorialized, february

Abstract
This paper examines the events, context and consequences of Mao Zedung's Cultural Revolution. The first part of this paper examines the events that paved the way for the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The next part then examines how the Cultural Revolution started and its degeneration into violence and destruction. It also studies how the excesses of the Cultural Revolution began and Mao's culpability for these abuses. In the conclusion, the paper examines the long-term consequences of the Cultural Revolution on Chinese society.

Table of Contents:
Gearing for Revolution
Chaos and Violence
Enduring Effects of the Cultural Revolution
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Throughout these excesses, Mao's hand remained evident. In 1966, he reveled in his god-like status as he received millions of Red Guards at Tiananmen Square in Beijing. During this speech, Mao exhorted his followers to "smash the four olds," referring to old ideas, old culture, old habits and old customs (Jiang and Ashley 2000). When the Red Guard began to destroy ancient artifacts and books, Mao did nothing to stop them. On the contrary, he used his influence to ensure that political rivals were exiled or otherwise removed from power."
"Furthermore, by forcing intellectuals to labor camps, Mao was quelling resistance from the more critical segments of the population. This helped ensure that he had a pliable foundation for his revolutionary goals. In essence, Mao was establishing a new intelligentsia, one composed of peasants and workers who were fiercely loyal to him and his ideals."

Tags:communism, Zedong, socialism

Abstract
This paper begins with a brief outline of the course of the Cultural Revolution. It then analyzes its impact on the period from 1971-1976. The most important focus is on the return to authority of the pre-Cultural Revolution party and cadres.

Abstract
This paper examines the causes of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, including the Great Leap Forward and Mao's subsequent loss of absolute power. Through the fanaticism of his youthful followers, known as the Red Guards, Mao was launched back into power and unleashed a reign of terror across China. In this research paper, there is special emphasis on the destruction caused by the Red Guards, including, but not limited to, book burning, vandalism, torture, and even murder. This paper essentially discusses the nature of fanatical Maoist ideology. It supports its thesis through the use of primary sources, such as biographies of those who survived the cultural revolution and documents from the period including movies, music, posters, and government documents. A full biography and footnotes in Chicago Manual/Turabian style are included.

From the Paper
"During the 20th century, China experienced unprecedented turmoil and instability. In 1911, the Imperial Ch?ing dynasty was overthrown only to be replaced by two decades of constant civil war and anarchy. Although Chiang Kaishek managed to unify the country in 1928, his rule saw further trouble including the Japanese invasion of Manchuria and a communist insurrection led by Mao Zedong. Following Japan's defeat in the Second World War, Chiang Kaishek, despite some initial successes was defeated at the hands of the communists and was forced to flee to Taiwan. Mao Zedong announced the birth of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Throughout his reign, China suffered from several disasters including the Great Leap Forward, the Hundred Flowers Campaign, but especially the Cultural Revolution. Lasting from roughly 1966-1976, the Cultural Revolution has been considered the most violent and chaotic period in China's modern history. During this era, China experienced the triumph of ideological fanaticism over pragmatism, the mass execution of millions of people, and the near destruction of ancient Chinese culture."

Tags:deng, jiang, liu, shaoqi, xiaoping

Abstract
This paper explains that the human collective shadow is traits, which represent the collective experience of people's alter egos or darker sides that become the collective cultural shadow. The author points out that the archetypal, which is the antithesis of the collective shadow, is the way in which the collective culture tends to perceive itself without being aware of the dark shadow. The paper describes the archetypal of Western culture and the ways it has changed over time.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Collective Shadow
The Archetype

From the Paper
"It is from these unrealistic archetypal images that, during the 1960s, the darker shadow side of American culture began to clash with. The result was the counter cultural revolution of the 1960s, wherein young people went to seemingly great extremes to look and behave opposite the archetypal image, which soon became known as "the establishment." At a point in American history, during the years of the Vietnam Conflict, it would have served Americans well to have found a way to blend the archetypal with the new; but that did not occur. "

Tags:psychopathic, alter egos, disenfranchised patriarchal, counter cultural revolution

Abstract
The writer notes that the faith of the Chinese in the teachings of Chairman Mao was so strong that it permeated every aspect of urban life, both private and public. Schools rang with the teachings of communist ideals and adults both feared and praised the rules imposed on them by their government. This paper examines the effects of the communist ideal on the people of China. The writer of this article states that the movement of China toward communism was a turbulent one, resulting in social disorder. By providing the reader with an often painful inside-view of the turmoil of the classes during the Great Cultural Revolution of China in his book, "Son of the Revolution", Liang Heng reveals the strength of the Chinese people at a time when China's social structure was at its weakest. This article discusses the permeation and effects of Communist ideals in Chinese society.

From the Paper
"Additionally, although the peasants did hold some amount of reverence for Mao's ideas, they did not truly understand the purpose of the Revolution; they saw only themselves having to struggle harder to support a movement that made no sense. As a movement to "Attack the Evil Winds of Capitalism" struck the countryside, for example, rural peasants were left wondering about Mao's intent for them. Liang Heng recounts a tale of a peasant who was told to destroy his ducks - a valuable commodity to a peasant and a symbol of capitalism to the Party."

Tags:asian, communism, cultural, history, mao

Abstract
This paper argues that counter to popular belief, Cubans are far from a homogeneous ethnic group. Rather, it was this group's shared sense of exile and its mobilization of large numbers of immigrants that paved the way for their socio-economic and political clout. This paper takes a historical approach to the growth of economic and political power of Cuban-Americans. It looks at how Cuban exiles slowly shifted focus from anticipating their return to the homeland in the years following the revolution, to working with and eventually becoming part of the established elite in Miami. This paper also discusses how Cubans slowly carved a new identity, as Cuban-Americans. This transformation further paved the way for the development of the Cuban-American elite, first in business and later, in politics.
Introduction
Review of Literature
Geography and Population
From Exiles to Citizens
Miami Politics and Economics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In summary, conventional wisdom has credited Cuban American prosperity to their social homogeneity. However, this is only part of the picture. Unlike other Hispanic groups, Cuban Americans have benefited from a strong social cohesion, brought about by a common goal to topple Cuba. This commonality paved the way for the establishment of social networks, which were later geared towards increasing Cuban presence in local and state politics. Additionally, the greater educational achievement of Cuban Americans further contributed to their growing economic power in the 1980s. Given the aging of the Castro regime and Cuba's growing openness towards capitalism, the economic and political might of the Cuban American population can only increase."

Tags:latin, immigrants, exile, hispanic

Abstract
This paper is a comparison of the two pieces of music. The author examines the way the social discontent at the time is portrayed in these writings. A look at the way American culture impacted the making of these at the time.

From the Paper
"In 1965, Woody Guthrie's most apparent heir turned his back on the folk community and, in his desertion, remarked that he didn't want to write "fingerpointing" songs anymore. He wanted to turn the focus inward. But as he did so, Bob Dylan left his spurned constituency with some parting words of advice. With the release of the landmark collection, Bringing it All Back Home, Dylan unleashed a sneering, visceral ode to the American Dream in "Subterranean Homesick Blues." And in a fashion only befitting of Bob Dylan, he was not simply passing the entrance exam into the world of rock and roll with this jarring electric riot. Rather, he was initiating rock to its new path, opening an as yet undiscovered gateway both lyrically and musically. Clocking in at a wheezy and exhausting two minutes, twenty-one seconds, it has been most aptly described as Chuck Berry's "Too Much Monkey Business" on amphetamines. And if that's true, than the punk movement that would snarl out of London in the late seventies may just be Bob Dylan on Bass Ale and heroin. Where Bob Dylan pioneered the sneer, The Clash wore it on their sleeve. On their self-titled debut in 1977, the quartet took rage to a level rivaled at that time only by the Sex Pistols, and Iggy Pop of course. In doing so, they also forged a blueprint for the punk aesthetic with the furious thrash of "I'm So Bored With the USA."

Tags:art, belief, canon, communication, counter, culture, dichotomy, hegemony, history, humanity, ideology, knowledge, musical, popular, punk, rebellion, resistance, revolution, society, structure, values