Abstract
This paper discusses the attack on the U.S. Marines in Beirut in 1983 that would begin a new era of terrorism. The author provides a detailed description of the historical and political background of this event as well as related attacks on U.S citizens in the Middle East. The author describes terrorist organizations and other threats to the U.S. in the area and the decisions made by the U.S. to counter them while protecting the Marines at the same time. The author theorizes what may have happened had either Harry S. Truman or George W. Bush been president at the time of the attack, and concludes that this episode in American history serves as a learning tool for future administrations, in how to balance the immediate needs of safety for our troops and the long-term needs of safety for the nation's democracy.

Outline:
Introduction
Factual Summary of Events
Deliberation and Debate Within the United States Government
The Threat
U.S. Responses
Comparative Analysis
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut would place the United States between a rock and a hard place. If they continued with the peacekeeping strategy that had brought them to Lebanon, they were surely to be targeted again. If they left the area, they would be abandoning some of their best allies. And, if they stepped up their position and waged war on those responsible, they might negatively affect other tenuous relationships in the Middle East, while increasing the danger for their troops. In the end, it would be a decision that would be heavily debated and still questioned more than twenty years later."

Tags:paratrooper, PLO, multinational Hezbollah refugee security violence escalation explosion embassy

Abstract
This paper describes a manual which is intended to meet the needs of operatives charged with the difficult task of countering the terrorist threats posed by Al Qaeda. The paper further states that this manual is in response to the devastatingly deadly attack on the people of the USA, which has come to be known as 9/11. since then, counter terrorism has become of paramount importance to US security.

From the Paper
"This Manual is designed to meet the needs of operatives charged with the difficult task of countering the terrorist threats posed by Al Qaeda. As is well known, since the devastatingly deadly attack on the people of the USA, which has come to be known as 9/11, counter terrorism has become of paramount importance. We need to begin by considering the nature of the threat. What exactly is terrorism? Trainee operatives may be surprised to learn that there is no generally agreed definition of terrorism - no doubt due to the intensely..."

Tags:terrorism, al, qaeda

Abstract
This paper focuses on the way counter terrorism and terrorism have changed since 9/11 and the growing role of the U.S. It also looks at the development of 'modern' terrorism and the possible consequences of the continuing War on Terror. It debates whether or not September 11th, 2001 can be seen as a day that changed the face of terrorism. It also discusses how since the invasion of Afghanistan, terrorist attacks have become more numerous and high profile although their basic purpose remains the same, to gain attention. It puts forward the view that what has changed about terrorism since 9/11 is the amount of media attention it now controls.

From the Paper
"As well as presenting a recent point of reference for terrorist activity, the conflicts in Palestine and Northern Ireland also show two different ways of dealing with the problem, certain aspects of which have been adopted by the United States. In the case of Britain and Northern Ireland, the conflict is one of territory and security for those who want British rule. In Palestine and Israel however, the situation is based purely on territory. This difference in the foundation for the terrorist action seems to have dictated the way in which terrorism has been dealt with. Because of the presence of British citizens in Northern Ireland, and the small section of society that is involved in the unrest , it has been British policy in recent years to try and settle the situation through political sanctions and increased security measures to prevent terrorism."

Tags:war, palestine, israel, ireland, afganistan

Abstract
This paper discusses how the major threats of information technology for financial institutions such as banks are from the phishing activities which have been increasing at a rapid pace. It starts with a brief background about the concept of phishing which includes a general description of the concept along with its brief historical evolution. Phishing activities in relation to credit card, social networks as well as emails are critically analyzed. The paper also discusses the ways in which phishing is being performed and the methods that need to be followed for ensuring safety from the phishing related activities. Finally, the major findings about the activities related to phishing are presented in the conclusion.

Outline:
IntroductionImplication of Information Technology
Aim of Thesis
Structure of Thesis
Background
Definition of Phishing
History
Basic Concepts
Types of Phishing Attacks
Deceptive Phishing
Malware Based Phishing
Key loggers and Screen loggers
Data Theft
DNS Based Phishing
Phishing Techniques
Credit Card Fraud
Social Networks
Emails (Wireless Networks)
References

From the Paper
"The criminal activities in the form of phishing are performed through a well defined step. It involves emailing falsely to the victims using off-the-shelf bulk mailing tools and users are encouraged to click on a URL. On receipt of the message, users click on the spoofed URL and as a result of this, they are being redirected to a page that has a same kind of look and feel as that of the original site. As soon as the user enters their details in such fake site, they are being considered as being attacked as all their confidential information gets leaked to the phishers. Phishing has been increasing at alarming rates and as a result of this, there has been significant monetary losses being borne by various users and it has also been increasing. For instance, as per a survey by Gartner Group in 2006, there were approximately 3.25 million victims that were spoofed by means of phishing. The monetary loss as a result of phishing attacks was considered as $3.2 billion in 2007 (Dunham 2008). "

Tags:Credit, Card, Fraud, Social, Networks, Malware

Abstract
The paper discusses the many security measures that have been instituted in the aftermath of 9/11 attacks, mainly in the area of aviation. The paper describes all the legislation enacted regarding airline security and shows the deficiencies that have been highlighted by each hijacking or bombing attempt. The author brings criticism of security standards and shows how after each security failure the security establishments improve their regulations. The paper explains the public's response to strict and often time consuming regulations and shows that when a tragedy is relatively recent, the public are accepting about often disruptive measures.

From the Paper
"Terrorism takes up a good deal of our foreign policy apparatus today, not only in dealing directly with terrorist threats but with the need to develop and implement measure for counter-terrorism. Such programs are also much in view domestically through actions by the Homeland Security Agency and other government agencies dedicated to protecting the citizenry. This emphasis has been strong since 9-11, widely perceived to have been not only a terrorist attack but an example of the failure of counter-terrorist measures at the time. Since then, a number of security measures have been instituted, some meeting more resistance than others, and some more successful than others. Given the nature of the 9-11 attacks, which involved the hijacking of three commercial airliners and their use as weapons, it is natural that airline security be one of the first orders of business. Most flyers report that they feel safer now as a result, but they also note the degree to which many of these measures are disruptive, time-consuming, and in some cases misdirected."

Tags:security, airline, aviation, hijacking

Abstract
This paper examines how Siegfried Sassoon's poems "The Redeemer" and "Counter Attack" are both examples of the type of poems that Sassoon wrote to showcase the difficult lives faced by British soldiers in the trenches of World War I, and to expose the ugly face of war to the naive civilians on the home front. Through an analysis of the poems, the paper concludes that nothing had a more profound effect on altering Sassoon's tone and writing style than the terrible series of events that Sassoon endured on the battlefields of World War I.

From the Paper
"Both "The Redeemer" and "Counter Attack" are set in the trenches in the area of France that was known as the Western Front. The trenches of World War One were not environments that were very conducive to writing upbeat poetry. The conditions that faced the men that resided in these squalid environments were enough to drive even the most stable individual to the breaking point. While trenches were able to provide adequate cover; for the troops on both sides that huddled in similar excavations, their shortcomings were endless. These labor intensive defenses had to be literally scratched from the earth by lowly soldiers under constant enemy harassment. When it rained, the trenches filled with water and mud. When it snowed, the trenches offered little protection. "

Tags:trenches, World, War, I, Western, Front

Abstract
This paper examines the idea that Siegfried Sassoon's World War I experiences caused his poetry to move from the pastoral pre-1918 pieces to the harder, more concrete poetry contained in his book, "Counter-Attack". The author points out that Sassoon, who was born into the British upper class, lived the life of a gentleman until the war when, as an officer, he experienced the horror of shelling, mud, death, fear, and displacement. The paper reviews several poems and demonstrates that Sassoon uses the images of his youth in a different effect later in his war poems; trees are no longer the idyllic backdrop to the songbird, but rather they are "bronzed battalions" clustered in a "stricken wood."

From the Paper
"Unlike "The Rear-Guard", which was composed on the front line, "Autumn," "How to Die" and "Thrushes" were all written while Sassoon was convalescing at Craiglockhart War Hospital. He was sent to Craiglockhart because of writing "A Soldier's Declaration", a document that was read to the House of Commons in June 1917. In the Declaration, Sassoon said the war was being drawn out for political and financial reasons and that it had turned into a war of aggression rather than a war of liberation. Because of this, he no longer felt able to support a war that was unjust. By this point, Sassoon's war poetry had earned him the respect of the common man, and the military and government felt it judicious to blame his outburst on shell shock. As a result, he spent six months at Craiglockhart where he wrote most of the poetry for "Counter-Attack"."

Tags:shellshock, antiwar, autumn, pastoral, rear-guard

Abstract
This paper addresses the domestic measures and policies that have been taken to ensure the continued safety of American citizens against terrorist organizations. Overt aggression such as the war in Afghanistan shall not be a focus of this paper, for while such actions can indeed be termed as a counter to terrorism, they are not designed to directly counter terrorism but rather to remove the threat entirely in addition to acting as retribution. A focus shall be on the efficiency of the INS and on airline safety, for these two areas are believed to have been the greatest contributing factors to the events that occurred on September 11th. APA style.

Tags:POLITICAL SCIENCE / TERRORISM, countering terrorism airports

Abstract
After the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States went on the offensive against Afghanistan, its Taliban leadership and Al Qaeda. Since then, the "war on terror" has expanded to include Iraq, despite the lack of evidence of weapons of mass destruction on their part or of a link between Al Qaeda and Saddam Hussein. The paper shows that, although as an American it is easy to see why the government would want to combat terrorism, the policies and actions taken by the United States have not been the best for reducing the threat of counter-terrorism

From the Paper
"The most obvious place for improvement in the United States counterterrorism policy is in the dominant position that the United States insists on taking in such situations. Such an attitude limits the ability of government officials to understand the underlying causes of acts of terrorism against the United States. While it would not necessarily improve the state of affairs to negotiate face to face with terrorist groups, it would certainly be useful to carefully consider the background and experiences of those groups that choose to terrorize the United States."

Tags:Bush, propaganda, hostages, troops, World, Trade, Center

Abstract
The paper relates that the Al Qaeda training manual outlines the main qualities, attributions and actions relevant for the terrorist organization, as well as different means of training and communication routes. The paper discusses each of its constituting elements and analyzes how they can be incorporated into a counter-terrorism strategy in order to prevent events like the 9/11 attacks.

From the Paper
"The so called Al Qaeda Training Manual, retrieved from a Manchester based suspected Al Qaeda member is an important source of information for the counterterrorist services around the world. It represents an essential set of rules and norms about the way in which terrorists conduct their activities inside their terrorist organization and outside, in the states they activate. The importance of the document resides in the fact that it outlines the main qualities, attributions, and actions relevant for the terrorist organization, as well as different means of training and communication routes."

Tags:Muslims, extremism, attacks