Abstract
This paper defines and describes the ego psychological approach and the solution focused model approach to therapy and counselling. The paper analyzes these approaches in order to help clarify the differences between them and the methods through which these approaches can be applied in practice. The paper emphasizes the success of the outcomes in therapy.

From the Paper
"In social work and counseling, the diverse needs of the clients mean that there are many distinctive therapeutic and counseling approaches that can be applied to different clients under different circumstances. Two approaches that are frequently considered when a client has a problem targeting difficult choices and making decisions based upon the best course of action are the ego psychological approach and the solution-focused model approach. This paper shall define and describe these two approaches to help clarify the differences between them and the methods through which these approaches can be applied in practice, with an emphasis on the solution-focused model approach. Solution-focused Model The solution-focused model evolved from cognitive therapies in which it is recognized that "clients are people who make choices about future acts" (De Jong & Berg, 2001, p. 362)."

Tags:solution, focused, therapy

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that counselling is a critical part of the social worker's professional weaponry not least because it forms a core skill used to communicate and build relationships among those involved in care. The writer points out that of course, it is possible for the social worker to utilize his or her own personal experiences as a guide which would have accumulated, as any citizen would, through the process of socialization. But the kind of people a normal citizen would commonly have dealings with would necessarily be selective - it would merely encompass a relatively narrow circle of family, relatives and friends from similar social and ethnic backgrounds. The writer maintains that what sets professional social workers apart is that they are forced to confront a diversity of people from all walks of life who bring with them their own sets of distinctive problems, beliefs and cultures, for which even the most experienced individual might be ill-equipped.

From the Paper
"At its most basic, counselling takes into serious consideration verbal and non-verbal speech as well as listening skills. Impressions that clients take away from even the most fleeting of encounters matter: if the speed at which counselling is provided is either too fast or too slow; if the nature of conversation is formal or informal; if the tone of voice, pitch and loudness differ - all this can lead to divergent experiences that leave a more indelible mark rather than the contents of what is said. Equally important would be the skill to listen, providing reassurances to the speaker to express themselves freely and openly. Resisting the temptation to interrupt, avoid misunderstanding, using body language, choosing the right environment in which to talk would be some key skills, while non-verbal skills, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, orientation, touch and proximity to the speaker are important ways in which social workers can engage in fruitful communication."

Tags:socialization, social, worker, relationships

Abstract
The paper discusses how counselors in America's cultural diverse school systems have the responsibility to pursue the goal of an effective multicultural educational system that provides all children with equal access to success in school. The paper asserts that all parents regardless of their race or ethnicity want their children to receive the best education and counseling possible, and expect their school system to provide that. The paper maintains that much progress has been made but much more is needed; it is no longer good enough to just talk about improvements.

From the Paper
"Counselors in America's cultural diverse school systems have the responsibility to pursue the goal of an effective multicultural educational system that provides all children with equal access to success in school. All parents regardless of their race or ethnicity want their children to receive the best education and counseling possible, and expect their school system to provide that. Much progress has been made but much more is needed. It is no longer good enough to just talk about..."

Tags:education, counselling, latinos

Abstract
The paper looks at case study #1 and relates that "Billy" is a little boy who is very afraid of teddy bears because he (at the age of three) fell down while playing with a teddy bear and cut his knee; he was in considerable distress and his mother responded to the situation by scolding the teddy bear. The paper describes how Billy's response - ostensibly to his mother's scolding - was to become very agitated whenever he was in the presence of the teddy bear in question; even when the bear was thrown out, Billy would often cry and become miserable if he came within close proximity of a teddy bear.

From the Paper
"Case Study #1: the teddy bear boy (page 8 of course textbook) Background of problem (the context). Essentially, "Billy" is a little boy who is very afraid of teddy bears because he (at the age of three) fell down while playing with a teddy bear and cut his knee; he was in considerable distress and his mother responded to the situation by scolding the teddy bear. Unfortunately, Billy's response - ostensibly to his mother's scolding - was to become very agitated whenever he was in the presence of the teddy bear in question; even when the bear was thrown out,..."

Tags:adolescent, counselling, studies

Abstract
The paper selects three of the nine topics covered in chapter 4 of Worthington's "Hope Focused Marriage Counseling". The paper examines 'Values and Personal Beliefs,' 'Vision of Marriage' and 'Communication' as they seemed to be at the base of providing the type of faith and hope that the author describes. Each of these topics are described and reasons are provided.

From the Paper
"In chapter four of Everett L. Worthington's book "Hope Focused Marriage Counseling", the author identifies nine interconnected areas, which like the systems of the human body, are essential for dealing with the causes of marital difficulties. As is the general philosophy of the book, rather than have the counselor "zeroing in on individual issues, the counselor needs to "intervene to promote love, faith and work." (p. 59-60). The most important of three of these nine areas would be (1) Central beliefs and values, (2) Core vision and (3) communication. Central Beliefs and Values are defined as the "aspects of living that...""

Tags:counselling, communication, faith

Abstract
The paper relates that based on brief counseling or solution-based counseling, Jorge's behavioral problems all result from learning, which of course is a positive point. Two main questions were asked about this case: What is the root problem is there is one, and since brief counseling is based in the client's solutions, what are Jorge's strengths? The paper explains that Jorge needs to understand that he is actually a fast learner who must unlearn information received from his father. The paper further explains that the crux of the problem is the father's creation of conflict and criticism of Mrs. F. Jorge has learned negative information about his mother's lack of caring.

From the Paper
"Based on brief counseling or solution-based counseling, Jorge's behavioral problems all result from learning, which of course is a positive point. Two main questions were asked about this case: What is the root problem is there is one, and since brief counseling is based in the client's solutions, what are Jorge's strengths? Jorge needs to understand that he is actually a fast learner who must unlearn information received from his father. The crux of the problem is the father's creation of conflict and criticism of Mrs. F. Jorge has learned negative information about his..."

Tags:brief, therapy, school

Abstract
The current study compares and contrast codes of ethics for the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) with respect to competence, confidentiality, and fees. Findings of the current study reveal that ACA and AACC guidelines call for boundaries of competence in terms of education, training, credentialing, and experience. The AACC, however, emphasizes the use of Christian counselors as referrals. Both associations ensure confidentiality with respect to limitations on sharing personal information. The AACC places emphasis on not using client information for preaching and related activities. Lastly, both associations stress that fees should be fair and commensurate to the client's ability to pay. The AACC, however, emphasizes the importance of counselors providing pro bono work.

From the Paper
COMPARING AND CONSTRASTING AMERICAN COUNSELING ASSOCIATION (ACA) AND THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CHRISTIAN COUNSELORS (AACC) CODES OF ETHICS Abstract The current study compares and contrast codes of ethics for the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) with respect to competence, confidentiality, and fees. Findings of the current study reveal that ACA and AACC guidelines call for boundaries of competence in terms of education, training, credentialing, and experience. The AACC, however, emphasizes the use of Christian counselors as referrals. Both associations ensure confidentiality with

Tags:aca ethics, aacc ethics, code of ethics

Abstract
This paper attempts to compare two effective models of counseling, rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) and psychodynamic therapy. It looks at how they work, the role of the counselor and various actions the models have on the client. It evaluates which of the two models is best suited the field of herbal medicine by considering their strengths and weaknesses.

From the Paper
"The role of the counselor within REBT counseling appears to be to help facilitate the reconstruction/rearrangement, by the client, of how they consider themselves, their view of the world and his/her individual experiences by employing various methods. Hill & Dryden (1993) briefly explain how the counselor's role is one of guide and instigator of a regime of self-change and self-help sustained by the client's own energy with the counselor maintaining an authoritative but not authoritarian, guidance role. In contrast, during Psychodynamic counseling, the counselor helps the client achieve insight by interpreting the client's unconscious mental content. One of the main tools of psychodynamic counseling is "the Transference"; the use of this tool is also one of the main differences between psychodynamic counseling and other forms of counseling."

Tags:ego, herbal, rational, relationship, superego, transference, client

Abstract
This paper analyzes the connection between theology and psychology in Christian counseling. The benefits of combining these two disparate studies and practices is then discussed. Following this examination, the paper presents ways in which Christian counselors may use these findings in order to better their practices and better heal their patients.
The author claims to rely on current research in addition to classic texts of psychoanalysis such as Freud's. The goal of Christian counselling is seen as a positive integration of psychological texts and the Bible.

From the Paper
"Research indicates that after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, Americans have grasped for the healing associated with Christian counseling. Like Herrod, these Americans are flocking to counseling that incorporates a spiritual or religious element, most often of the Christian variety. Over the last decade, in fact, faith-based therapies--from pastoral counseling to ecumenical Christian counseling to fundamentalist Bible--based treatment have absolutely rocketed in popularity, according to Paul's research. (Paul. 2005)
As evidence, the American Association of Christian Counselors has grown from 15,000 members in 1999 to 50,000 today. Specialized services are also thriving: It is becoming increasingly easy to find Christian-based eating disorder treatment centers or Christian life coaches. (Paul, 2005)"

Tags:psychotherapy, religion, belief, self-discovery

Abstract
The paper explains why advocacy is so vital for the counselling profession and illustrates this by listing effects that will arise if there is a lack of it, for example, there will be a reduction in effectiveness in the practice of the counselor and problems in the personal life of the individual. The paper explains the Masters-Level Counselor Education Program and how it may incorporate advocacy training into its curriculum and extra-curricular activities. The writer concludes that the counseling profession needs a more structured curriculum focused towards the establishment of a framework that integrates all aspects of the profession into one uniform standard for all to base their practice on.

Contents:
Objective
The Need for Advocacy
Consequences of Insufficient Advocacy for the Counseling Profession
Masters-Level Counselor Education Program
Summary

From the Paper
"The need for advocacy cannot be understated in relation to the provisions of such to the counseling profession. The stress that is inherent to this profession has many complicating factors when the factors and elements of the individual life and indeed the world at large are factored into the subject at hand. Stated in the work entitled: "Advocacy for Counseling and Counselors: A Professional Imperative" by Lee (1998) is that the definition of advocacy is defined as "the process or act of arguing or pleading for a cause or proposal (p.8). Within this context he recommended that counselors become agents of social change, intervening not just in the lives of their clients but in the world around them as well. It is a necessity that this type of advocacy be applied among professional counselors as a service to one another in combating the specific factors professional counselors may be subject to due to the nature of their work."

Tags:framework, counsellors