Abstract
This paper discusses and reviews three research articles that relate to counseling in different scenarios. The paper describes the content of each article and why that particular article is unique. It then provides a review of the discussion in the article according to the opinion of the writer of this paper. The paper discusses articles that relate to counseling behaviors associated with gay, lesbian and bisexual clients that are afflicted with additions, counseling behaviors in relation to conservative Christians in Louisiana and school counseling attitudes in relation to immigrant students in the United States.

Outline:
Counseling for Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Clients
Counseling of Conservative Christians
Counseling in Schools

From the Paper
"Constantine and Gushue (2003) discuss school counseling attitudes in relation to immigrant students in the United States (p. 185). The article is unique because it focuses on an area of counseling that is not often approached through research and that provides insight into an issue that is a growing concern in the nation. It is known, for example, that growing numbers of Hispanic and Asian students exist in the nation and that many of these individuals, as first generation immigrants, have special needs and complications that make their socialization difficult. One of the purposes of school counseling in this case is to provide for the services that the student needs in order to make the transition into American society more effective."

Tags:immigration, religious, beliefs, behavior, afflictions

Abstract
This paper presents four scenarios of families that require counseling. It describes the history and family scenario in point form and then discusses the reasons behind the choice of therapy. It discusses the goals and strategies for the therapy sessions, as well as the ideas for change. The paper then analyzes the role of the therapist in the counseling sessions.

Table of Contents:
Family 1
Problem
History
Tool
Family 2
Problem
History
Tool
Family 3
Problem
History
Tool
Family 4
Problem
History
Tool

From the Paper
"The father will also learn how to interact with his son in therapy in a safe and non-threatening way. Once the father learns how to demonstrate his feelings for his son, the son will likely stop acting out because he will recognize his father's love for him and discover he does not have to act aggressively to seek the love he deserves. He will realize that teasing and taunting by other children (if this is a problem) results from the other child's own self-esteem issues, and not from any problem with the son or his family or his culture. By interacting with his son, the son will learn how to embrace his culture more and learn that communication and love are good for the family and necessary components of healthy relationships with others. This may also improve the family dynamic as a whole. The father may learn to demonstrate for example, more feelings for the mother and other members of the family. The mother may become more soothing and loving if the father feels safe offering his feelings to her. Once the family begins acting as a unit that communicates, they can then write down new goals for the family which may include being more expressive and open toward one-another. The father may also explain why long work hours are necessary, but also commit to spending more quality one-to-one time with his son and with other members of the family, so they do not feel neglected or feel they have to act out their feelings."

Tags:goals, communication, behavior

Abstract
This paper explains that, when people need guidance with their personal problems, such as their sexuality, they may seek the help of a therapist. Next, the author relates three scenarios as examples of the main points a therapist might cover in a counseling session: Anna, who is an adolescent girl questioning having sex with her boy friend, Tom and Susan, who are dealing with problems of sexuality as they age, and Bill, who is paralyzed from the waist down and now is involved in a romantic relationship. The paper concludes that talking with a therapist, who can provide unbiased advice, on these sensitive issues, is sometimes very helpful.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Anna, an Adolescent Girl
Tom and Susan, an Elderly Couple
Bill, Paralyzed from the Waist Down
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Sometimes when you're young, it's hard for adolescents to talk to their parents about things like sex, especially when they are already telling them that the person they are dating may not be the right person for them, but in this case, I think it is important. Anna needs to be patient with her mother, because it is a hard topic, and hopefully her mother will be considerate and patient with her.
"A therapist also might explain to her that boys and girls are extremely different. It might also help to explain to her why boys want sex and how it makes them feel, and then explain to her why girls want sex and how it makes them feel. A boy's motives to have sex can be completely different a girl's motives to have sex, and she needs to think about what her boyfriend wants from their relationship.
"It also might be a good idea to ask her why she wants to have sex, and if it is really for herself, because it should be. She should also be asked if she is ready to have sex, and if she says she is, why does she think that?"

Tags:relationship consequences, physical changes, foreplay nuzzling

Abstract
The paper presents an argument against the use of computer mediated counseling or online counseling.

From the Paper
"The Internet as described by Finn and Banach, offers individuals many avenues for obtaining information and support, including groups and counseling services that offer professional and/or self-help networks in a variety of health and human service-related areas. While the Internet is an excellent locus for obtaining information on such matters, it is not necessarily an ideal locus for receiving counseling or psychotherapeutic services. Lebow has pointed out that mutual support and information sharing the type of discourse for which the Internet seems..."

Tags:computer mediated counseling, online counseling

Abstract
The paper investigates whether or not family counseling can provide outcomes for clients that are commensurate with other types of counseling-i.e. cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, etc. The paper attempts to provide not only a clear understanding of the importance of the research but also a clear understanding of the current gaps that exist in the literature.

Outline:
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In a similar vein of inquiry Fals-Stewart and O'Farrell (2003) compared therapeutic interventions for opioid-dependent patients. In this review, recovering addicts were assigned to either a family therapy group with individual support or an individual-based treatment (IBT) only group. All patients were supported with naltrexone therapy to help them cope with the physical aspects of addition. The results of the investigation indicate that family therapy participants were more likely to attend scheduled treatment sessions and had a lower rate of relapse than participants in the IBT group. Further, at one year follow-up, family therapy participants had fewer drug related legal and family issues."

Tags:cognitive-behavioral, therapy, psychodynamic, psychotherapy, counseling

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the theories of Carl Rogers (Rogers, 1961, 1980) as they relate to therapeutic change and the counseling process. To this end, the paper first presents a transcript of a person-centered counseling session conducted with a 50 year old woman who expressed feelings of restlessness, boredom, and lack of peace following her last son moving out of the family home and going to college. The second part of the paper presents a reflective essay formulated on the therapeutic counseling session and the Rogerian notions and concepts related to the session.

From the Paper
"I have gradually come to one negative conclusion about the good life. It seems to me that the good life is not any fixed state. It is not, in my estimation, a state of virtue or contentment or nirvana or happiness. It is not a condition in which the individual is adjusted or fulfilled or actualized. The good life is a process not a state of being. It is a direction, not a destination."

Tags:person, centered, counseling

Abstract
The tasks of psychotherapy and counseling are ones of extreme significance in the lives of the hurting. This paper attempts to define ethics and their personal application as they relate to the counseling profession. It also discusses some of the issues that counselors face which can challenge their concepts of ethical practice. Finally, it gives a general overview of the status of the counseling profession as it exists at present.

From the Paper
"The tasks of psychotherapy and counseling are ones of extreme significance in the lives of the hurting. This paper will attempt to define ethics and their personal application as they relate to the counseling profession. It will also discuss some of the issues that counselors face which can challenge their concepts of ethical practice. Finally, it will give a general overview of the status of the counseling profession as it exists at present. These concepts of ethics should dictate the daily decision making of any counselor. In developing our own personal ethics as counselors, we must fully understand the accepted standards of ethics as they exist in established mental health practice. The difficulty in this endeavor is that often these codes are difficult to apply to a specific situation or at worst, contradictory (American Counseling Association [ACA], 1995). Although there are many similarities between the various ethical codes of conduct, differences and conflicts do arise due to the world view and primary goals of each organization. In determining our own individual ethical guidelines, a counselor must utilize these varying interpretations of ethical behavior to serve as a basis for lifelong growth in decision making skills and formation of ethical standards. These ethical situations often arise out of the power dynamic in the counselor / client relationship. It is the ethics of this relationship that form the foundation for what is defined as a counseling code of ethics. Clients seek out therapists for reasons as varied as marital problems, and work anxiety. Whatever the reason one approaches a therapist, by the time they do so they are usually in a very emotionally sensitive. By this point they have often times tried to handle their difficulties on their own. They may have talked to friends, clergy, or family about the issue. Unfortunately, untrained advice often makes issues more confusing. When none of these things work, they seek the help of a professional counselor of therapist. When they do this it is vital that they be able to trust the professionalism and the ethics of the therapist and counselor they turn to. The ethics of professional counselors are strictly defined and adhered to (Kelman, 1968). Some of the numerous codes that exist include those of the America Counseling Association, the American Association of Christian Counselors, and the American Psychological Association. Familiarization and adherence to these codes is essential in learning good decision making skills as a professional counselor."

Tags:code, counseling, ethics, psychology

Abstract
Theocentric counseling is a Christian method of psychotherapy that concentrates on situating the useful parts of modern therapeutic techniques in a Christian dialogue and culture. This paper gives an explanation of theocentric counseling methods, and explains how theocentric counseling can be used in career guidance and life skills development therapy.

Tags:theocentric, counseling, religion

Abstract
This paper examines the impact evaluation has on supervisor and supervisee relationships within the counseling profession. In particular, the paper attempts to uncover what role, if any, proper evaluation and quality supervisor and supervisee relationships have on a supervisee's ability to achieve a positive client outcome. The paper also examines evidence that supports better evaluation techniques as a means of improving supervisee skill attainment and development.

Outline:
Quality of Supervisory Relationship in Counseling
How Supervisory Relationship Impacts Quality Counseling
Enhancing the Evaluation Process To Benefit Supervisor and Supervisee
Conclusions

From the Paper
"There are many approaches to investigating the role of supervisor and supervisee. Jones (2001) notes that supervisors and supervisees should consider their roles and responsibilities "outside supervision and how these influence the supervision relationship" (43). Further Jones notes that it is important that supervisors work constructively with supervisees to maintain the integrity of their relationship. In times of old much of the reporting done on supervisor relationships tended to focus on self-reported behaviors both from supervisors and supervisees (Clark, et. al, 2003)."

Tags:counselor, counseling, supervisor, supervise, oversee, training

Abstract
This paper explores a federal research grant to study questions in the field of counseling psychology. The author first sets the stage with an already conducted study, using its findings as a base from which to work. The paper relates that the study, which the author would conduct, combines qualitative and quantitative methods to study the incidence and effect of empathic counseling methods, which would contribute to the field significantly by providing a more reasonable determination of the nature of counseling methods and draw some conclusions about their effectiveness.

From the Paper
"Having just received a federal research grant in the field of psychology - more specifically, counseling psychology - it now falls to me to demonstrate my ability to formulate an appropriate research project that will make a significant contribution to the field. That said, it is my intention to expound upon a recent study that was done (Carlozzi et al, 2002) that examined the relationship between theory, practice, and empathy for counselors and psychologists. Understanding the role that empathy plays for psychologists is important on both a theoretical and practical level. This paper will first present the results of the study mentioned above as a basis for my subsequent explanation of my own research intent. My work will help quantify both the incidence and importance of counselor empathy and has the potential to suggest some new theoretical approaches to the issue."

Tags:counseling, psychology, empathy