Abstract This paper provides an insight into the condition of deafness. It discusses how the deaf population is severely under-served, especially those that suffer some form of mental illness and require attention from the counseling profession. It also examines the issues that arise when formulating a counselingrelationship between a deaf client and a counselor in view of the language and cultural differences.
From the Paper "Specialization in counseling the deaf person is a recent development. Many issues arise when formulating a counseling relationship between a deaf client and a counselor. These issues include communication mode, cultural differences and language deficits. Communication difficulties pose the biggest barrier to counseling. Most psychologists agree that they should conduct sessions in the mode of communication that the client who is hearing impaired prefers (Happ & Altmaier, 1982)."
Tags: disabled, population, counseling, services, psychopathology, mental, health
Abstract The paper analyzes the article "Person-Centered Counseling: The Culture" by Ann Shanks Glauser and Jerold Bozarth which explores the conditions that are necessary for successful counseling and focuses especially on the specialty of multicultural counseling. It discusses the argument that person-centered counselling is at the very heart of success in counseling and that the relationship between the client and counselor and the client's situational and personal resources are the essential variables that determine its success. It provides statistical evidence for the relative unimportance of counseling technique noting that only 15% of the success variance of the counselingrelationship comes from technique whereas 30% of the success variance comes from the client-counsellor relationship and an impressive 40% comes from extratherapeutic variables or chance occurrences. It explores the variables of the client-therapist relationship and the extratherapeutic variables of the client and concludes that the article is well-researched and internally consistent.
From the Paper "The authors then go on to explore the variables of the client-therapist relationship and the extratherapeutic variables of the client. They note that "most theories consider the (client-therapist) relationship as critical". A successful relationship is defined by the counselor's empathy for the client, seen in his or her genuineness with the client, and the counselor's true respect and value for the client. Glauser and Bazarth note, ?Making judgments about people\'s humanity and its quality due to established criteria is to rely on tired but extremely powerful discourses steeped in oppression.?"
Abstract This paper examines the impact evaluation has on supervisor and supervisee relationships within the counseling profession. In particular, the paper attempts to uncover what role, if any, proper evaluation and quality supervisor and supervisee relationships have on a supervisee's ability to achieve a positive client outcome. The paper also examines evidence that supports better evaluation techniques as a means of improving supervisee skill attainment and development.
Outline:
Quality of Supervisory Relationship in Counseling How Supervisory Relationship Impacts Quality Counseling Enhancing the Evaluation Process To Benefit Supervisor and Supervisee
Conclusions
From the Paper "There are many approaches to investigating the role of supervisor and supervisee. Jones (2001) notes that supervisors and supervisees should consider their roles and responsibilities "outside supervision and how these influence the supervision relationship" (43). Further Jones notes that it is important that supervisors work constructively with supervisees to maintain the integrity of their relationship. In times of old much of the reporting done on supervisor relationships tended to focus on self-reported behaviors both from supervisors and supervisees (Clark, et. al, 2003)."
Tags: counselor, counseling, supervisor, supervise, oversee, training
Abstract This paper conducts an observational and investigational analysis of what the critical factors are that determine an effective cross-cultural counselingrelationship. More specifically, the researcher attempts to investigate the following question: "What method of counseling is most effective in enabling a counselor to build rapport and trust in a cross cultural context." The researcher conducts a comprehensive review of the literature available on cross cultural counseling and counseling competencies in order to determine what factors may impact the counselingrelationship with particular regard to cross-cultural relationships.
Abstract
Introduction
Significance of the Study
Hypothesis
Method
Literature Review
Results
Discussion
From the Paper "According to research the most important aspect of cross-cultural counseling that needs to be examined is how a practice is conceptualized(Bogo, George & Tsang, 2003). Traditional counseling methods are often defined as "ethnocentric" even though the client base that many practitioners work from is ethno culturally diverse in nature (McNeill, Horn & Perez, 1995). Many practitioners unfortunately still believe that ethnicity is not a dimension of identity, but rather see it as a client characteristic, thus their practices do not work to embrace ethnic identity as an experience to be shared by all parties involved in the counseling process (Bogo, George & Tsang, 2003)."
This in-depth paper analyzes the issues and problems facing minorities in the U.S. while focusing on the critical need for counselors who are trained to effectively handle and counsel people of various ethnic backgrounds.
Abstract This well-researched paper defines multicultural counseling as a relationship in which the counselor and the client belong to different cultural groups, hold different assumptions about social reality and subscribe to different world views. The writer discusses the role of multicultural counselors while stressing the need to increase their understanding of the culture, life history and social circumstances of the people they are counseling. This paper cites relevant statistics and reports pertaining to this topic including the U.S. Census Bureau which states in recent reports that minorities currently make up one-quarter of the U.S. population. This paper examines issues of acculturation, cultural history and norms as well as intergenerational conflicts in two specific families, one South Vietnamese and the other Mexican-American while also detailing the type of counseling recommended for each family. The writer contends and explains why it is imperative for counselors to treat their clients as individuals without stereotyping the cultural characteristics of one specific person to those in the broader cultural community.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Multicultural Counseling Importance of Multicultural Counseling Acculturation
The Helping Relationship Case Study One - The Vu's
Case Study Two - The Santiago's
Role of Supervision
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "When researching a specific culture, it is also important for counselors to be alert to any cultural stereotyping that might be uncovered. For instance, Buriel stated, "Mexican Americans as a group possess characteristics known to be negatively associated with many work attitudes, have experienced the effects of past and current discrimination, and are believed by some to be limited in their economic and occupational advancement." If counselors failed to investigate further, they would be limiting their understanding of Mexican Americans, as well as stereotyping all individuals of Mexican American descent, which would limit the effectiveness of counseling."
Tags: therapy, counseling, treatment, cultural, conflict, ethnic, u.s., immigration, aid
Abstract This paper explains that the need for multicultural competencies development among school counseling professionals has been acknowledged by the American Psychological Association and the American Counseling Association, whose ethnic standards dictate that school counselors should achieve a certain level of multicultural competence prior to embarking on a professional career in student counseling. The author points out that, despite the acknowledgment of a need for increased awareness and training to ensure a positive student/counselor relationship, there is little evidence that much is being done to establish a core set of standardized competencies for student counselors. The paper stresses that minority students may be less likely than other students to seek out assistance from counselors; therefore, student counselors might consider a more aggressive approach to ensure they can provide culturally relevant services.
Table of Contents
Introduction
School Counseling in a Multicultural Society
Training and Competency
Multiculturalism and Counseling Analysis/Recommendations
Conclusions
From the Paper "Diversity is more and more considered a critical element of education and school counseling programs in an ever more multicultural society. The term has been used to describe existing variables including cultural differences and beliefs that exist among populations whose personal experiences are generally considered different from those of the majority or 'norm'. Counseling a diverse student population is among the challenges that professional school counselors now face. Diversification of communities has resulted in a need for new core competencies to be developed among school counseling professionals that includes instruction geared toward working with people who have norms, values and personal views that are different from those of the majority population."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that the counselingrelationship allows the patient to find support when the world seems crazy. The writer notes that the counselor attends to the issues that patients bring in whenever they find anxiety is keeping them from living life with a feeling of satisfaction. Counseling helps show those who seek counseling that they have inner strengths and abilities to manage all their challenges. The writer notes that counseling is a unique relationship in which the counselor's job is to hold up a mirror for the client to see himself or herself.
From the Paper "The counselor attends to the issues that patients bring in whenever they find anxiety is keeping them from living life with a feeling of satisfaction. Counseling helps show those who seek counseling that they have inner strengths and abilities to manage all their challenges. Counseling is a unique relationship in which the Counselor's job is to hold up a mirror for the client to see himself or herself in. We all have experiences in which we can't see things about ourselves without a mirror."
"The counselor has learned ways to hold the mirror different ways, so that the patient can see themselves from angles from which they have never observed themselves, doing so in a caring and skillful way, as they have studied how to do so for many years. Yet the counselor and patient work as a team to make positive changes in the client's approach to life."
Abstract This paper takes a look at counseling gays and lesbians. It looks at this group from a cultural standpoint, going through the history of the culture and the discrimination it has faced, as well as the continuing discrimination it experiences. It looks at how counselors can be more sensitive to the issues that face gays and lesbians who seek counseling. Some of these issues include how family dynamics affect the counselingrelationship, sexually transmitted diseases, and how the discrimination against this population can affect the client. This paper also looks at the steps counselors can take to become more aware of this population and how they can increase their multicultural awareness towards this group, all in the hopes of providing the best client-therapist relationship possible.
From the Paper "Attitudes toward homosexuality are complex and multifaceted (Davies, 2004). Many people have mixed feelings about gays, lesbians and bisexuals. There is a lot of controversy over what causes people to prefer one sexual orientation over another. Some professionals believe it is organic, while others think it is a learned behavior. Many factors also contribute to the treatment of gays, lesbians and bisexual (LGB) clients. To understand many of these issues the history of the population, discrimination factors, and current problems facing this group need to be looked at."
Abstract Due to the astounding body of evidence suggesting that marriage failure generally results from a breakdown of communication and from unrealistic marriage expectations and/or on spousal perceptual biases, it seems that marriage counseling and premarital counseling could in fact be highly useful tools for assuring the survival of a marriage. By performing a literature review on several sources on the subject of divorce statistics and the history of marital counseling, the paper suggests that couples who received marriage counseling during marriage or pre-marital counseling before marriage report a lower rate of divorce than those who never had the benefit of counseling. The paper then describes the methodology and findings of a research project performed to prove this hypothesis.
From the Paper "If divorce is usually caused by some force for which counseling cannot really provide an answer, such as social or economic pressure, then there is less support for a hypothesis regarding the power of marital and premarital counseling to prevent divorce. However, if divorce is based on preventable or treatable flaws within the relationship, than the hypothesis may stand. Secondly, one must address the issue as to whether or not couples inside a therapeutical setting show any signs of being better adjusted than couples outside a therapeutical setting, and if past evidence has shown premarital counseling to be effective. If it has not, then the hypothesis as currently stated may still be correct, but it will have to be far more conclusive to prove its point. Finally, one must address the issue of whether or not counseling may in some cases be seen as evidence of impending marriage dissolution rather than marital health, and as such be seen as a negative relational sign. (For example, it is possible that most people approach counseling as a last-ditch effort to save their relationship, or that most of the people enrolled in premarital counseling are in very high risk groups and already undergoing problems. If so, it is further possible that the situation is not so much one of the efficacy or inefficacy of counseling programs themselves, but rather concerns itself with the way in which counseling programs segregate failed from non-failed relationships)."
Abstract This paper studies the characteristics of relationships that are formed between clients and mental health professionals. It defines and describes the mental health professional's role and responsibilities in establishing a successful relationship with the client. The paper also looks at the characteristics that the mental health nurse must possess in order to be successful in her position.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Role and Relationship Therapeutic Skills
Trust and Commitment
Suspension of Moral Judgment
Empathy
Freedom to Speak Openly
Legal Limitations on Therapeutic Counseling Problematic Relationships Conclusion
From the Paper "Additionally, the mental health professional must work to maintain a professional relationship with the client that is built on objective, empathic recognition of the client's past and current histories, which will help facilitate insight into how and why the client makes specific decisions and how the client frames his or her relationships with others. Limitations imposed by professional standards and the obligations that the therapist has towards the client also serve to define their roles. When this is accomplished, the mental health professional can empower the client with autonomous self-directed decision-making skills, which in turn give the client the ability to make progress when he or she is not currently engaged in the therapy process."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that counselling is a critical part of the social worker's professional weaponry not least because it forms a core skill used to communicate and build relationships among those involved in care. The writer points out that of course, it is possible for the social worker to utilize his or her own personal experiences as a guide which would have accumulated, as any citizen would, through the process of socialization. But the kind of people a normal citizen would commonly have dealings with would necessarily be selective - it would merely encompass a relatively narrow circle of family, relatives and friends from similar social and ethnic backgrounds. The writer maintains that what sets professional social workers apart is that they are forced to confront a diversity of people from all walks of life who bring with them their own sets of distinctive problems, beliefs and cultures, for which even the most experienced individual might be ill-equipped.
From the Paper "At its most basic, counselling takes into serious consideration verbal and non-verbal speech as well as listening skills. Impressions that clients take away from even the most fleeting of encounters matter: if the speed at which counselling is provided is either too fast or too slow; if the nature of conversation is formal or informal; if the tone of voice, pitch and loudness differ - all this can lead to divergent experiences that leave a more indelible mark rather than the contents of what is said. Equally important would be the skill to listen, providing reassurances to the speaker to express themselves freely and openly. Resisting the temptation to interrupt, avoid misunderstanding, using body language, choosing the right environment in which to talk would be some key skills, while non-verbal skills, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, orientation, touch and proximity to the speaker are important ways in which social workers can engage in fruitful communication."
This paper is analysis of an intimate relationship between two brothers, friends of the author, aged twenty-two and twenty, whose parents divorced when they were young.
1,225 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 41.95
Abstract This paper explains that the parents of the boys failed to insulate the brothers from the mutual animosity they harbored for each other; now, even when the boys get along with people, an undercurrent of resentment and hypersensitivity erupts into periodic conflicts. The author points out that the boys' projections of their imagined fears of rejection and disloyalty are characteristic of people with this type of early foundational family experience. The paper stresses that there can be no improvement in the brothers' relationship or in their family's other issues without professional intervention by intensive, professional psychological counseling.
Table of Contents
Relationship Description
Relational Concept Analysis: Expressing and Managing Difficult Emotions
Evaluation and Suggestions for Communication and Relational Improvement
From the Paper "The father's repertoire of emotional manipulations included outright
accusations of "disloyalty" and global characterizations of untrustworthiness and the worthlessness of one brother in combination with strategic praise of the other. In addition, he exploited private sentiments and concerns of the brothers and any personal information disclosed to him by one about the other as emotional ammunition during times of conflict."
Abstract This paper identifies the various aspects of three different counseling associations in detail, emphasizing the significance of confidentiality, personal circumstances, and sexual relationships in light of their defined Codes of Ethics. Many similar issues are evaluated in these Codes, as each association strives to remain protective of their clients at all times.
From the Paper "The codes of ethics of counseling agencies encompass a wide variety of objectives, which are designed to promote positive counseling experiences that fall under morally acceptable standards. Three specific groups have defined codes of ethics that are unique in different ways, and they demonstrate the importance of maintaining an ethical approach to conducting counseling sessions with clients. The following discussion will compare and contrast the key issues related to confidentiality, sexual intimacy, and personal issues within three specific associations that focus on counseling ethics. The American Association of Pastoral Counselors possesses a distinct code of ethics that emphasizes faith as the primary means of providing support to those in need, and this encompasses such principles as continuing education, the development of healthy relationships, and to manage caseloads that only within the realm of knowledge and experience of the association's members ("Code of Ethics", 1994)."
Abstract This paper constructs a comprehensive theory of counseling that takes into account a delineation of personality structure that considers motivation and human development. The stated theory also accounts for individual differences and provides a definition of health, illness and elements of comprehensive theory of cure. Furthermore, the paper discusses techniques that guide the therapeutic process and explains how the overall theory relates to a comprehensive worldview. The paper focuses on Christian counseling.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Personality Structure
Motivation
Human Development
Individual Differences
Definition Of Health
Definition Of Illness
Elements In A Comprehensive Theory Of Cure
Techniques That Guide The Therapeutic Process
Demonstration of Effectiveness
Relation Of Theory To A Comprehensive Worldview
Conclusion
From the Paper "The idea of this approach to counseling takes into account the idea of secular counselors but it is not dependent upon them. The world views counseling as a discipline like many other professions but that type of thinking is incorrect. Counseling does not depend on growing amounts of technical knowledge administered by highly trained professionals. This approach is more about developing relation to cocreate solutions to problems (Kollar, 1997). This approach demonstrates that counseling is a relationship between people who care (Crabb, 1977). The world looks at finding happiness when it encounters problems. The overall goal of the individual should be to respond biblically to the situations, circumstances and illnesses that come with life (Crabb, 1977). Our modern emphasis on personal wholeness, human potential and freedom to be ourselves from a selfish perspective has shifted us from a commitment to be more Christlike (Crabb, 1977). We must get back to the mindset of the Garden of Eden when Adam walked in the cool of the day with the Lord having all of his needs met and everything was very good (Gen 1:29-31)."
Abstract This paper examines the language and cultural aspect of deafness. The author discusses the effect these have on the deaf substance abuser's therapeutic relationship and on the treatment. It is also stressed that more research is needed to aid deaf and hearing impaired people.
From the Paper "According to Robert Pollard (1996) approximately about 40,000 deaf Americans suffer from serious psychopathology. Only 2% of Deaf Americans in need of mental health services receive them. The Deaf population is severely underserved, proven by this fact. Individuals who are deaf constitute a special subgroup of the disabled population for whom counseling services are insufficiently provided (Tucker, 1981).According to Johnson and Locke (1978), research on substance abuse among deaf people is meager. Enough drug and alcohol abuse in a residential school for the deaf was present to justify special intervention and prevention programs (cited in McCrone, 1982). The deaf alcoholic is not only isolated from society because of his/her alcoholism, but the deaf community is normally an isolated group of people and there is the painful awareness of isolation for a person who is not only deaf but also ill with the disease of alcoholism (Hetherington, 1979). It is evident, as I will show in the following paper, more research is needed to allow mental health centers to provide services for hearing impaired and deaf individuals. This paper will focus on one of the reasons the mental health community has not fully served this cultural population."
