Abstract
This paper states that Jeff Rothstein, LCSW, believes that the act of resistance should not be resisted on the part of the counselor because it is a sign the counselor is getting somewhere. The author points out that Rothstein reiterates the common Freudian trope that analysts and therapists should not remain in the patient's or learner's comfort zone, but rather, for the sake of the patient, poke at the discomforting contradictions and fissures, which exist within the patient's consciousness and way of relating to the world. The paper stresses that resistance means a fighting back, and the counselor or instructor may get emotionally hurt in the process.

From the Paper
"So long as this injury is not a real or emotional flesh wound, and is taken with a grain of salt, Rothstien says, such mutuality in the exchange between client and counselor can actually enrich the overall process. Of course, different therapists, depending on their background, respond to resistance in differing ways. Psycho-dynamically oriented therapists tend to work through the resistance, using the relationship between the client and the therapist as the vehicle for the work, although such a methodology can often be exhausting for the therapist as well as the client."

Tags:sign, freud, discomfort, consciousness, teacher

Abstract
This paper provides an insight into the condition of deafness. It discusses how the deaf population is severely under-served, especially those that suffer some form of mental illness and require attention from the counseling profession. It also examines the issues that arise when formulating a counseling relationship between a deaf client and a counselor in view of the language and cultural differences.

From the Paper
"Specialization in counseling the deaf person is a recent development. Many issues arise when formulating a counseling relationship between a deaf client and a counselor. These issues include communication mode, cultural differences and language deficits. Communication difficulties pose the biggest barrier to counseling. Most psychologists agree that they should conduct sessions in the mode of communication that the client who is hearing impaired prefers (Happ & Altmaier, 1982)."

Tags:disabled, population, counseling, services, psychopathology, mental, health

Abstract
The paper analyzes the article "Person-Centered Counseling: The Culture" by Ann Shanks Glauser and Jerold Bozarth which explores the conditions that are necessary for successful counseling and focuses especially on the specialty of multicultural counseling. It discusses the argument that person-centered counseling is at the very heart of success in counseling and that the relationship between the client and counselor and the client's situational and personal resources are the essential variables that determine its success. It provides statistical evidence for the relative unimportance of counseling technique noting that only 15% of the success variance of the counseling relationship comes from technique whereas 30% of the success variance comes from the client-counselor relationship and an impressive 40% comes from extratherapeutic variables or chance occurrences. It explores the variables of the client-therapist relationship and the extratherapeutic variables of the client and concludes that the article is well-researched and internally consistent.

From the Paper
"The authors then go on to explore the variables of the client-therapist relationship and the extratherapeutic variables of the client. They note that "most theories consider the (client-therapist) relationship as critical". A successful relationship is defined by the counselor's empathy for the client, seen in his or her genuineness with the client, and the counselor's true respect and value for the client. Glauser and Bazarth note, "Making judgments about people\'s humanity and its quality due to established criteria is to rely on tired but extremely powerful discourses steeped in oppression.""

Tags:client, counselor, multicultural, resources, therapist

Abstract
This paper conducts an observational and investigational analysis of what the critical factors are that determine an effective cross-cultural counseling relationship. More specifically, the researcher attempts to investigate the following question: "What method of counseling is most effective in enabling a counselor to build rapport and trust in a cross cultural context." The researcher conducts a comprehensive review of the literature available on cross cultural counseling and counseling competencies in order to determine what factors may impact the counseling relationship with particular regard to cross-cultural relationships.

Abstract
Introduction
Significance of the Study
Hypothesis
Method
Literature Review
Results
Discussion

From the Paper
"According to research the most important aspect of cross-cultural counseling that needs to be examined is how a practice is conceptualized(Bogo, George & Tsang, 2003). Traditional counseling methods are often defined as "ethnocentric" even though the client base that many practitioners work from is ethno culturally diverse in nature (McNeill, Horn & Perez, 1995). Many practitioners unfortunately still believe that ethnicity is not a dimension of identity, but rather see it as a client characteristic, thus their practices do not work to embrace ethnic identity as an experience to be shared by all parties involved in the counseling process (Bogo, George & Tsang, 2003)."

Tags:identity, society, diversify, environment, characteristic, stereotyping, ethnocentric

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the counseling relationship allows the patient to find support when the world seems crazy. The writer notes that the counselor attends to the issues that patients bring in whenever they find anxiety is keeping them from living life with a feeling of satisfaction. Counseling helps show those who seek counseling that they have inner strengths and abilities to manage all their challenges. The writer notes that counseling is a unique relationship in which the counselor's job is to hold up a mirror for the client to see himself or herself.

From the Paper
"The counselor attends to the issues that patients bring in whenever they find anxiety is keeping them from living life with a feeling of satisfaction. Counseling helps show those who seek counseling that they have inner strengths and abilities to manage all their challenges. Counseling is a unique relationship in which the Counselor's job is to hold up a mirror for the client to see himself or herself in. We all have experiences in which we can't see things about ourselves without a mirror."
"The counselor has learned ways to hold the mirror different ways, so that the patient can see themselves from angles from which they have never observed themselves, doing so in a caring and skillful way, as they have studied how to do so for many years. Yet the counselor and patient work as a team to make positive changes in the client's approach to life."

Tags:therapies, patients, supportive, caring, trust

Abstract
This paper takes a look at counseling gays and lesbians. It looks at this group from a cultural standpoint, going through the history of the culture and the discrimination it has faced, as well as the continuing discrimination it experiences. It looks at how counselors can be more sensitive to the issues that face gays and lesbians who seek counseling. Some of these issues include how family dynamics affect the counseling relationship, sexually transmitted diseases, and how the discrimination against this population can affect the client. This paper also looks at the steps counselors can take to become more aware of this population and how they can increase their multicultural awareness towards this group, all in the hopes of providing the best client-therapist relationship possible.

From the Paper
"Attitudes toward homosexuality are complex and multifaceted (Davies, 2004). Many people have mixed feelings about gays, lesbians and bisexuals. There is a lot of controversy over what causes people to prefer one sexual orientation over another. Some professionals believe it is organic, while others think it is a learned behavior. Many factors also contribute to the treatment of gays, lesbians and bisexual (LGB) clients. To understand many of these issues the history of the population, discrimination factors, and current problems facing this group need to be looked at."

Tags:competent, ethical, clients, therapists, sexual, orientation, negative, reaction, nonheterosexual

Abstract
This paper examines the impact evaluation has on supervisor and supervisee relationships within the counseling profession. In particular, the paper attempts to uncover what role, if any, proper evaluation and quality supervisor and supervisee relationships have on a supervisee's ability to achieve a positive client outcome. The paper also examines evidence that supports better evaluation techniques as a means of improving supervisee skill attainment and development.

Outline:
Quality of Supervisory Relationship in Counseling
How Supervisory Relationship Impacts Quality Counseling
Enhancing the Evaluation Process To Benefit Supervisor and Supervisee
Conclusions

From the Paper
"There are many approaches to investigating the role of supervisor and supervisee. Jones (2001) notes that supervisors and supervisees should consider their roles and responsibilities "outside supervision and how these influence the supervision relationship" (43). Further Jones notes that it is important that supervisors work constructively with supervisees to maintain the integrity of their relationship. In times of old much of the reporting done on supervisor relationships tended to focus on self-reported behaviors both from supervisors and supervisees (Clark, et. al, 2003)."

Tags:counselor, counseling, supervisor, supervise, oversee, training

Abstract
This well-researched paper defines multicultural counseling as a relationship in which the counselor and the client belong to different cultural groups, hold different assumptions about social reality and subscribe to different world views. The writer discusses the role of multicultural counselors while stressing the need to increase their understanding of the culture, life history and social circumstances of the people they are counseling. This paper cites relevant statistics and reports pertaining to this topic including the U.S. Census Bureau which states in recent reports that minorities currently make up one-quarter of the U.S. population. This paper examines issues of acculturation, cultural history and norms as well as intergenerational conflicts in two specific families, one South Vietnamese and the other Mexican-American while also detailing the type of counseling recommended for each family. The writer contends and explains why it is imperative for counselors to treat their clients as individuals without stereotyping the cultural characteristics of one specific person to those in the broader cultural community.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Multicultural Counseling
Importance of Multicultural Counseling
Acculturation
The Helping Relationship
Case Study One - The Vu's
Case Study Two - The Santiago's
Role of Supervision
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"When researching a specific culture, it is also important for counselors to be alert to any cultural stereotyping that might be uncovered. For instance, Buriel stated, "Mexican Americans as a group possess characteristics known to be negatively associated with many work attitudes, have experienced the effects of past and current discrimination, and are believed by some to be limited in their economic and occupational advancement." If counselors failed to investigate further, they would be limiting their understanding of Mexican Americans, as well as stereotyping all individuals of Mexican American descent, which would limit the effectiveness of counseling."

Tags:therapy, counseling, treatment, cultural, conflict, ethnic, u.s., immigration, aid

Abstract
This paper explains that the need for multicultural competencies development among school counseling professionals has been acknowledged by the American Psychological Association and the American Counseling Association, whose ethnic standards dictate that school counselors should achieve a certain level of multicultural competence prior to embarking on a professional career in student counseling. The author points out that, despite the acknowledgment of a need for increased awareness and training to ensure a positive student/counselor relationship, there is little evidence that much is being done to establish a core set of standardized competencies for student counselors. The paper stresses that minority students may be less likely than other students to seek out assistance from counselors; therefore, student counselors might consider a more aggressive approach to ensure they can provide culturally relevant services.

Table of Contents
Introduction
School Counseling in a Multicultural Society
Training and Competency
Multiculturalism and Counseling
Analysis/Recommendations
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Diversity is more and more considered a critical element of education and school counseling programs in an ever more multicultural society. The term has been used to describe existing variables including cultural differences and beliefs that exist among populations whose personal experiences are generally considered different from those of the majority or 'norm'. Counseling a diverse student population is among the challenges that professional school counselors now face. Diversification of communities has resulted in a need for new core competencies to be developed among school counseling professionals that includes instruction geared toward working with people who have norms, values and personal views that are different from those of the majority population."

Tags:competence, professional, relationship, standardized, relevant

Abstract
Due to the astounding body of evidence suggesting that marriage failure generally results from a breakdown of communication and from unrealistic marriage expectations and/or on spousal perceptual biases, it seems that marriage counseling and premarital counseling could in fact be highly useful tools for assuring the survival of a marriage. By performing a literature review on several sources on the subject of divorce statistics and the history of marital counseling, the paper suggests that couples who received marriage counseling during marriage or pre-marital counseling before marriage report a lower rate of divorce than those who never had the benefit of counseling. The paper then describes the methodology and findings of a research project performed to prove this hypothesis.

From the Paper
"If divorce is usually caused by some force for which counseling cannot really provide an answer, such as social or economic pressure, then there is less support for a hypothesis regarding the power of marital and premarital counseling to prevent divorce. However, if divorce is based on preventable or treatable flaws within the relationship, than the hypothesis may stand. Secondly, one must address the issue as to whether or not couples inside a therapeutical setting show any signs of being better adjusted than couples outside a therapeutical setting, and if past evidence has shown premarital counseling to be effective. If it has not, then the hypothesis as currently stated may still be correct, but it will have to be far more conclusive to prove its point. Finally, one must address the issue of whether or not counseling may in some cases be seen as evidence of impending marriage dissolution rather than marital health, and as such be seen as a negative relational sign. (For example, it is possible that most people approach counseling as a last-ditch effort to save their relationship, or that most of the people enrolled in premarital counseling are in very high risk groups and already undergoing problems. If so, it is further possible that the situation is not so much one of the efficacy or inefficacy of counseling programs themselves, but rather concerns itself with the way in which counseling programs segregate failed from non-failed relationships)."

Tags:dissolution, therapy, relationship