Abstract The paper explains why U.S. cotton is the cotton of choice for leading brands. The paper also describes the United States cotton industry and examines why Japan is an important export market for US cotton.
Outline:
Cotton US Cotton The US Cotton Industry
Japan as a Key Market for US Cotton Exports
From the Paper "Cotton is the single most important textile fiber in the world. It accounts for over 40 percent of total world fiber production. The United States, China and India provide over half of the world's cotton, although it is grown in more than 80 countries worldwide. In terms of cotton production, the United States ranks second to China, but it is the leading exporter of cotton in the world (Cotton Overview, 2006). Cotton is a strong fiber with a tenacity of 3-5 gram force per decitex, dependent on the moisture content and test conditions. Its strength usually increases as it absorbs water and it does not stretch easily (Cotton, 1996)."
Abstract This paper examines issues associated with proposed revisions to cottonfabric imports from Indonesia by American companies. The proposed change applies to the labeling of the products to certify labor protection criteria have been met. The paper looks at how the proposed new labeling will affect the business activity of American importers. It addresses the legal issues involved including due process.
Tags: Law, Indonesia, cottonfabrics, imports, regulations, labeling, due process, labor
Abstract This is a critical study of the American cotton slavery system, and examines why a system so apparently ineffiecient and cruel was such an integral part of Southern society. It also examines the strengths of cotton slavery from an economic viewpoint, and suggests that perhaps it was not as unprofitable as previously believed.
From the Paper "Despite being unpaid labour, slavery did not constitute a "free" workforce. The original cost of purchase was substantial, and the extra costs of housing, food, and clothing lasted throughout their lives, irrespective of illness or old age. However, by the nineteenth century cotton slavery had become an institution in the Southern states of the USA. Ownership of slaves gave the landowner status, and the more he possessed the higher his status became."
Tags:cotton, plantation, slave, slavery, south, usa, southern, usa, untied, states, america, workforce
Abstract This paper compares of the ideas of Cotton Mather and the themes of Nathaniel Hawthorne's short story,"Young Goodman Brown."
From the Paper " From the perspective of it is difficult to credit such an idea until one is reminded of the fundamentalist zeal of Nazis or religious fanatics who blather about great Satans and howl for death to this ..."
Abstract The origins of the methods used in traditional dyeing are rooted in Egyptian, Greek and Roman times. Practically speaking, the principal methods of dyeing remained largely unchanged until the advent of synthetic dyes. This paper explores traditional methods of dyeing textiles (cotton, wool, silk) and examines the microscopy of the pigments used (woad, logwood, madder, copperas, etc).
From the Paper "It is a known fact that dyes react differently to various fibres and that their fastness is determined by the particular chemical properties of each fibre. The use of mordants ensures colour fastness but again the longevity of the colour is determined by a complex set of variables. In addition, different mordants achieve different shades and again the fastness of these shades is determined to a large extent by the particular method of application. Reaching optimum results also depends on the correct temperatures or the repeated dipping of the material into the dyebath or even on the application of several baths of different mordant dyes."
Abstract This paper examines the history of the cotton textile industry, with a particular emphasis on the campaign for workers' rights in Dukinfield and Stalybridge in the Tame Valley, east of Manchester. The scope for customs and recreation is also described, to give a rounded picture of life in a cotton town.
Outline
Cotton Imports and Exports
Development of the Industry
The Early Cotton Industry in Dukinfield and Stalybridge
Growth of the Cotton Industry along the Tame Valley
Increasing Unrest
The Cotton Famine
The 20th Century
Customs and Recreation in Stalybridge
Bibliography
From the Paper "The first instance of factory spinning had been in Richard Arkwright's water-powered mill at Cromford in 1771, and the transition to a factory-based cotton industry occurred during the last 30 years of the 18th Century. The invention of the spinning jenny enabled domestic cotton spinners to spin yarn much more quickly, but this caused problems with carding, which had to be done prior to spinning. The old method of carding involved the use of hand-held cards covered with tiny spikes to make a loose rope of fibres from cleaned cotton. The process remained slow until Arkwright introduced his carding machine in 1775. This machine was heavy but well suited to being turned by water power, so water-driven carding factories were built on small streams and rivers in the cotton districts. Steam power was used from the 1780s. "
Abstract Perhaps as much as any other technology in American history, the cotton gin shaped the nation's economic, social, and political development. The paper shows that, although many people associate the cotton gin with only the South, its importance to the nation's other regions is evident. It describes how Eli Whitney's creation brought about not only an explosion in Southern cotton production but also led to the expansion of racial slavery throughout the region.
From the Paper "A major impact upon the economy was the country's sudden dependence upon cotton production. As a result of the cotton gin, many communities were forced, without prior notice, to depend on the price and abundance of a single crop (202). When the cotton industry was down, so was the economy of these communities. When the cotton industry was up, farmers rushed to turn a profit and often overproduced the crop. As a result, the economy would falter when the price of cotton would drop."
Abstract This paper examines how the invention of the cotton gin at the end of the eighteenth century marked the beginning of American industry in many ways, as it adapted a new technology to agriculture and increased the ability of an industry to produce at a saving in cost and time. It looks at how Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793 and how the principle he employed would then be used in thousands of cotton gins around the world, at one time preparing over 98 percent of the American crop for market.
From the Paper "The invention also changed the nature of agriculture thereafter. Only a few farmers raised cotton at the time, and black-seed or long-staple cotton was the only viable cotton crop. While the seeds could be removed from this variety easily, the crop could not be raised profitably beyond the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia or more than fifty miles inside the interior of the coastal plain. In 1793, the farmers in South Carolina and Georgia only raised about three million pounds, and by 1811, southern farmers were producing 80 million pounds. Because of the invention of the cotton gin, cotton culture was able to expand to the West (Hurt 93)."
Abstract The creation of cotton gin was probably the most important catalyst of increased mechanization in America and the creation of an output-driven economy. It is thus possible to argue that the cotton gin in fact revolutionized America and forever changed the economic, political and social weave of the country. This paper will further elaborate this argument.
Abstract Mexican-Americans are an integral part of American society at large. Chicanos continue to be engulfed in an age-old struggle to retain their cultural heritage and identity, while at the same time fit into mainstream American culture. The borderlands and the city of Los Angeles are significant places in the study of the development of Chicano culture. Historical events in the borderlands have played a significant role in shaping Chicano culture into its present form. This paper explores the effects of the Cotton Strike of 1933 on the current tensions regarding Mexican-American migrant workers today. The writer concludes that many of the issues that were relevant in the cotton strike are still without a permanent resolution.
From the Paper "Cotton production is labor intensive and difficult without a sufficient supply of unskilled labor. Cotton production requires a long growing season and warm temperatures. Production has the potential for small profit margins. Therefore a producer must seek to cut costs anywhere possible. The loss of slave labor in the Southeastern United States meant the downfall of the cotton industry in that region. However, the availability of low-wage Mexican labor in the borderlands meant the ability to fill the gap left by the old Southern Cotton empire. Mexican migrant workers allowed for the development of the cotton industry in the southwestern United States."
Abstract This essay discusses an important aspect of Maya Angelou's work, "Cotton Picking Time", which is its spiritual content and power. The paper states that Angelou is known for her religious and spiritual beliefs and how they reflect through her work. This paper analyzes how, "Cotton Picking Time", Angelou discusses one day in her life when she realizes both the bounties and harshness of Southern life as a black person.
From the Paper "As mentioned earlier, language is used as a powerful tool by the author. According to Angelou, it was the language that helped her community survive. There may actually be more to the folk language than we realize at first. By communicating about their pain and hard times, the community could verbalize their situation that helped in survival. Angelou admits that: 'It may be enough, however, to have it said that we survive in exact relationship to the dedication of our poets (include preachers, musicians and blues singers)' (p. 180). Black authors have almost unanimously agreed that language has helped them in survival. By talking about the pain, they could at least let it out or in other words, writing and singing provided an outlet to their pain and frustrations."
Abstract This paper focuses on the life and crimes of Mary Ann Cotton, a British female serial killer in the 1800s. The paper also talks about the violentization theory formulated in this century by Lonnie Athens to explain her behavior. The author has also included two other theories, humanistic psychological theory and social control theory, to explain Mary Ann Cotton's delinquency.
From the Paper "Athens' time. Mary Ann Cotton was born into a small English village in 1832 and by the time Mary reached age thirty-three, she had already poisoned and killed ten people. Using Athens' theory of violentization, it is possible to understand what occurred in Mary's childhood to lead her to a life of violence. Additional theories, such as humanistic psychological theory and social control theory, could be utilized in order to explain Mary's violent actions. If Athens' theory of violentization or another theory on crime and delinquency had been available to Mary's peers or family during her childhood, the death of approximately twenty English citizens may have been prevented.
"In October 1832, a female serial killer was born in County Durham, England. Mary Ann Robson was born to two young adults who had recently married at age twenty. Throughout her childhood, Mary Ann faced multiple hardships. Mary Ann's father, Michael, was a poor miner who made hardly enough to keep his children and wife from starving. Also, her father was an avid Methodist and imposed harsh discipline on both Mary Ann and her brother, Robert. Mary Ann's father would often overstep his boundaries and discipline often bordered senseless abuse. Aggressive discipline coupled to malnutrition caused Mary Ann to frequently retreat from her family and friends."
Abstract This paper contains a critical book review of the title, along with a discussion of the personal value of the book. Emily Honig's book is the story of women who worked in the Shanghai cotton mills from 1919 through 1949, but the paper shows how the story is really about the women themselves, and how they survived the harsh working conditions by creating a sisterhood ? working together to help each other while surviving harsh and intolerable conditions.
From the Paper "The author's thesis is stated clearly in the Introduction. She hopes to prove that the women of the Shanghai mills were extremely class conscious, and this class consciousness had to be transformed and eliminated before the women could rise up together and demand reform. She notes, "I began my study by focusing on issues that precede the role of women in the labor movement and in the Chinese revolution: the nature of work, social relations within the workplace, the formation of the working class, and the transformations women underwent as they became members of an urban industrial proletariat" (Honig 2). The author also states her beliefs early in the book, when she notes, "Modern industrial capitalism in twentieth-century China, as in England and the United States a century earlier, was built on the intersection of textile manufacture and female and child labor" (Honig 1). She goes on to elaborate on this assertion throughout the book, exploring the exploitation of women in the mills, and its connection to the Shanghai labor movement. "
Abstract This paper explains that, identifying the best approach to providing the consumers of South Africa with laundry detergents and fabric care products, which meet their unique needs, is a significantly more critical than for most of their Western counterparts. The reason given is because water supply and safety issues in South Africa remain a major health concern and government programs to address this issue have not yet been successful. The author points out that, although the market for soaps continued to be dominated by Lever, Olivine and Colgate-Palmolive, the growing popularity of other toiletry lines created opportunities for large local firms, such as the Central African Pharmaceutical Suppliers (CAPS), and other smaller firms, such as Robins Remedies and Stobard & Wesley, and multinationals like Ponds and Boots. The paper outlines the methodology for the proposed study including (1) focus groups about South African habits and practices to understand consumer needs, behaviors and attitudes in the detergent markets; (2) AC Nielsen share (volume and value) data of the South African detergent market in the past 5 years to determine market size, splits, trends and overall performance by key players; (3) Porter's 5 Forces model to analyze the industry sector; (4) a company analysis of Unilever using data from their annual reports in order to understand marketing spending, trends and overall investment strategies and (5) an evaluation of successful marketing campaigns and strategies in markets with similar market demographics by other leading detergent companies to understand winning formulas in other markets. Illustration, charts and tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Importance and Rationale of Study
Scope of Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
South Africa Today
Unilever Today
Corporate Strategy at Unilever
Shift from Mono Branding to House Branding
Eliminate Furtive Branding Techniques in Favor of Corporate Branding
Porter's Five Forces Analysis
The Relative Strength of Buyers or Customers
The Relative Strength of Suppliers
Ease of Entry of New Competitors
Availability of Substitutes
Rivalry between Competing Firms
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
From the Paper "In researching the South African detergent industry and its growth potential one cannot discountenance the impact of the huge Unilever conglomerate in the market. The South African detergent industry is one of the most established in the developing world, dating back to 1887 when William Lever, the founder of Lever Brothers, registered the Sunlight trademark. His first visit to South Africa in 1895 was to an under-developed country crippled by drought with poor communications and few skills. However, he believed products would ultimately be manufactured locally. Initially, this was not viable as tariffs on imported vegetable oils were considerably higher than those on imported soaps. As a result, consignments of Sunlight, the first wrapped and branded soap, were shipped to South Africa. From 1912 to the late 80's the detergent industry in South Africa grew driven by massive investments by the Unilever company."
Abstract This paper reviews the intertwined, complicated history of denim jean fabric and how the name came about. This paper also takes a look at how the denim jean fabric has had an impact on society, fashion and culture.
Contents:
Introduction
The Origin of Jeans
Technical Aspects: What is Denim?
The History of Blue Jeans
Impact on Society
Conclusion
From the Paper "There are several sources which ascribe various meanings to the word denim. Many of the source books on the subject state that denim is derived from the English translation of the South of France French phrase 'serge de Nimes'. Denim fashion history has therefore become associated with Serge de Nimes. (Denim Jeans - Fashion History). The Serge de Nimes was originally a wool silk mix, twill weave. There was also fabric which was known as "nim" in France and both these fabrics were composed partly of wool. (A history of Denim)
The word "Jeans" is considered by most source to come from 'Genoese'. This was the name give to Italian sailors in Genoa who "...when at sea dressed in blue fustian fabric composed of a cotton and wool or linen blend." (The Blue Jeans Story) Another European fabric made from a cotton, linen and wool blend "... was known as 'jean' after the sailors of Genoa, Italy, who wore it." (Denim Jeans - Fashion History)"
