Abstract
This proposal serves as an introduction to a safety program to prevent falls in a manufacture plant. The program includes a safety review by a safety engineer, subsequent safety related changes to equipment, increase in training and awareness regarding to fall protection and spill containment packs and procedural training. The work first discusses the reasoning and implementation of a safety program, then discusses cost comparisons between injuries and fatalities and the implementation of the safety program. Finally, it proposes to test in a longitudinal study the effectiveness of the safety program after implementation.

From the Paper
"The manufacture floor is often the source of fall obstructions and spill related falls. It is a rare occasion that any staff ascends to heights greater than 4 feet on ladders or other lift tools, though lifts are utilized in the warehouse that can contribute to secured heights of greater than four feet. Additionally, the moving workings of machinery, including but not limited to conveyor belts and other potentially dangerous machinery are of significant concern as equipment can increase the odds of injury, when individuals fall. Most of the production equipment has been retrofitted with safety mechanisms that provide the worker some protection but there are cutting surfaces as well as moving gears and links that cannot be covered as it would interfere with the production process. Additionally, there are many hard surfaces on edges and corners that could increase the odds of injury, and especially head injuries if and when a fall occurs."

Tags:fall protection, workplace injuries, occupational safety

Abstract
This paper examines how institutions employing nurses may rely on mandated and coerced overtime in an attempt to save money. As shown by the vigilance study, it is more effective to have sufficient staff or monitoring systems in order to reduce the costs associated with accidents. The paper further notes that tired nurses cause errors, errors often lead to accidents, accidents lead to higher costs. The paper concludes by stating that further studies should be done to determine the costs to institutions when insufficient nursing personnel are present.

From the Paper
"For many, if not most nurses, shift work is an unavoidable part of the job. However, that shift work affects the vigilance that nurses must maintain during their scheduled work hours. For nurses, fatigue is often the result of the shortage of licensed nursing personnel. This shortage results in nurses being asked to, or demanded to, work long shifts or extra shifts in order to "make up" for inadequate coverage. However, in a position statement from the American Nursing Association, it is stated that "strong evidence" links "prolonged" work hours to 1) slowed reaction time, lapses of attention to detail, and reduced motivation" among other..."

Tags:nursing, vigilance, circadian

Abstract
An examination of the cost of capital, marginal cost of capital the use of the Capital Asset Pricing Model and the effect on the firm's budget process.

From the Paper
"Cost of capital and how it is calculated: In simplest terms, the cost of capital is the return necessary to make a capital budgeting project worthwhile. A firm's total cost of capital is based on its cost of debt and cost of equity. This determines how the company can raise funds to invest in new projects or fund expanding operations. It can be raised through debt equity or a combination of the two..."

Tags:Marginal Cost, incremental cost, Cost of Capital, Capital Asset Pricing Model, Beta Coefficient systemic risk risk premium

Abstract
The paper discusses how, as the requirements for nearly all occupations become increasingly competitive, the need for a college education is becoming more and more crucial. The paper focuses on the costs involved and relates that there are federal and state grants and loans that can help reduce the cost of a college education, but rarely do these government monies pay for the whole cost of a college education. The paper then relates that state subsidies have created public institutions for higher education that are affordable to low income families as well as families of greater means, but many question the quality of the education of public colleges.

From the Paper
"A college education is believed to be the key to a successful future. But what is the cost to families who want to send their graduating high school sons and daughters to college. College is thought to be a character building process in the course of a person's life--everyone benefits from an educated population. As the requirements for nearly all occupations become increasingly competitive the need for a college education is becoming more and more crucial. There are federal and state grants and loans that can help reduce the cost of a college education, but rarely do these government monies pay for the whole cost of a college education."

Tags:responsibility, cost, parent

Abstract
This paper discusses how all the US Federal Agencies are legislatively bound by decision-making with benefit-cost analysis techniques at a time when they are under increasing pressure to prove the effectiveness of their spending and better accommodate uncertainty. Collectively these Agencies were responsible for making decisions on how they spent $2.5 trillion in fiscal year 2005, of which $1 trillion was for discretionary spending. This research identifies, through a case study of Federal Aviation Administration decision-making for a system within a complex system, how real options thinking can be acceptably and effectively appended to current mandates for benefit-cost analysis defined by the Office of Management and Budget in Circular A-94.

From the Paper
"In the work of de Neufville and Wang (2004) it is stated that: "Most real options are not well-defined simple options. They can be compound or parallel. Compound options are often options on options, and the interactions between them are significant." (Neufville and Wang, 2004) Further stated is that: "Parallel options are different options built on the same project, such as the several possible applications or target markets of a new product." (Neufville & Wang, 2004) de Neufville and Wang (2004) categorize 'real options' as "those that are either 'on' or 'in' projects."

Tags:budget, analysis, financial, options, identification, models

Abstract
This paper discusses the effects of the personnel cost-cutting measures employed by major airlines in the United States and their relationship to aircraft safety. The research focuses on four factors - employee layoffs, increase on employee workload, cutting employee benefits and cutting employee training. The paper presents a survey on aviation pilots at American Airlines (AA).

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Limitations
Delimitations
Definition of Terms
Acronyms
II Review of Related Literature Hypothesis
Introduction
Employee Benefits Cost Reduction and Wages Cutback
Employee Lay Offs
Increase in Employee Workload
Employee Training
Commercial Aircraft Safety
III Research Methodology
Introduction
Research Design
Research Model
Survey Population
Sources of Data
The Data Gathering Instrument
Pilot Study
Instrument Pretest
Distribution Method
Instrument Reliability
Instrument Validity
IV Results
Introduction
Demographics
Pilot's Awareness of Company Decision and Policies
Pilot's Awareness about AA's Cost Cutting Measures
Pilot's Perspective on the Effects of Cost Cutting
Measures of AA to Commercial Aircraft Safety
V Discussion
Introduction
Pilot's Awareness of company Decision and Policies
Pilot's Awareness about AA's Cost Cutting Measures
Pilot's Perspective on the Effects of Cost Cutting
Measures of AA to Commercial Aircraft Safety
Summary
VI Conclusion
VII Recommendations
Appendices

From the Paper
"Since, 1998 the Government Accountability Office (2004) (GAO) of the United States had reported that majority of the leading airline industries have a difficulty of acquiring revenue and profit increase because of the growth of Low Cost Airlines (LCA) The proliferation of Low Cost Airlines has caused a strict competition in terms of domestic market share due to the relatively low prices that were offered and the relatively low cost cutting measures of LCA. Hence, it is reported by GAO (2004) that the operation costs of LCA have even increased to $1 Billion or 10% of its total operation costs. In effect of this, the research inferred that such an effect had a significant impact in terms of how passengers in general compare and view LCA to Big Airlines."

Tags:Boeing, budget, pilot

Abstract
The paper relates that the goal today is to reduce the cost of health care without compromising the patient's health and safety. The paper calls for a change that involves reallocating and redistributing funding in the system, but explains that at the same time, to make certain health and safety are not compromised, a program of quality assurance will be needed along with a process of continuous improvement and a health information management system.

From the Paper
"The goal today is to reduce the cost of health care without compromising patient's health and safety. Costs need to be reduced while maintaining effectiveness and efficiency. One change that would bring this about is to make the most of what is already in the health care system. This change involves reallocating and redistributing funding in the system. At the same time, to make certain health and safety are not compromised, a program of quality assurance will be needed along with a process of continuous improvement and a health information management..."

Tags:teams, leadership, roles

Abstract
A study into the cost of running an effective and strong prison system in the state of Maryland and the effect this has on the overall budget of the state. The paper explains that, while this is important, it often comes at the cost of other budget cuts, including education and health. The paper includes recent statistics from the state budget, detailing the costs involved in incarcerating prisoners. The writer also concedes that, while it is expensive, the cost of crime is also high, and there has to be some kind of solution.

Contents
Introduction: Statement of the Problem
Methodology: Examining the Scope of the Problem
Increasingly Crowded Prisons
Alternatives to Incarceration
Reform Inside the Big House
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The treatment of prisoners causes few legal problems for the government of a dictatorship. A government that refuses to acknowledge the human rights of even its law-abiding citizens is not likely to show too many qualms about shoving its criminals into overcrowded and unsafe prisons or even to worry about whether the niceties of due process were considered in getting the person to prison to begin with. But the rule of constitutional law changes all that. Because we live in a country in which the rule of law is for the most part respected, the police, the court and prison officials " and the rest of us as well " must recognize prisoners are people who have broken the social contract. But still people like the rest of us."

Tags:crime, criminal, law, justice, protect, government, politics

Abstract
The paper analyzes Chris Murphy's article "What's Next" that focuses on current IT outsourcing practice and Lee and Margaret Covell's article "A Strategic Approach to Overhead Management" that discusses operations cost-cutting. The paper then looks at Joseph Bozada's article "Generating Shareholder Value: Much More Than Cost Cutting" that suggests that worker layoffs might be counter-productive and finally, the paper examines the editorial in the Measuring Business Excellence magazine that explains how improved cost-efficiency can also be achieved through an innovative use of accounting and financial processes. The paper notes that all four authors agree that companies need to look beyond such traditional cost-cutting methods as layoffs, outsourcing and downsizing.

Outline:
Introduction
Analysis: New Perspectives on Outsourcing and Operations Cost Cutting
Analysis: Novel Approaches to Cost Cutting
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In today's challenging business environment, companies are considering cost-cutting strategies more often than just a couple of years ago. There are three well-established methods of cost cutting: downsizing, outsourcing and cutting the costs of operations (Crampton & Hodge, 2007, p.341). Managers usually turn to one or a combination of these strategies during difficult economic times and/or situations of company underperformance. However, according to many analysts, such behavior might be counterproductive and even dangerous (Bozada, 2004, p.17). While hasty layoffs and downsized operations might improve the immediate financial situation, in the longer term they might create a strategic disadvantage and even cut into future revenue gains. According to Bozada, this happens because "This approach primarily focuses on cost cutting and will, by definition, only produce limited results" (p.17). What is needed therefore is a strategic and innovative approach to the concept of cost cutting."

Tags:layoffs, downsizing, accounting, outsourcing, operations

Abstract
This paper explains that medicine is thought to be a profession that has lost its way, a system in which economics is now the bottom line governing treatment decisions and not the traditional value of beneficence. The author states that the research methodology will be a self-administered questionnaire to 50 recipients of health care and 50 health care providers to gather feedback relating to the effects of cost containment and opinions regarding the current system of health care spending. The paper relates that the research also will contain a survey of the health care practices in five countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada, Germany, and Britain.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
Defining the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Literature Review ? Health Care Cost Containment
Summary: Benefits of Cost Containment
Methodology and Procedure
Instrument
Data Collection
Subjects
Data Analysis
Assumptions
Limitations
Expectations
Appendix: Sample Survey Questionnaire

From the Paper
"When done right, cost containment will actually improve the quality of health care. Scientific justification can be utilized to ensure that people needing treatments get them. Accessibility to quality care services for everyone will be broadened. Universal coverage will also ensure that insurance agencies don't avoid providing insurance to individuals with higher needs or greater risks, and ensure that cost shifting and risk avoidance are minimized."

Tags:questionnaire, benefits, justification, accessibility, countries