Abstract
This paper is a book review of David H. Clark and Matthew D. H. Clark's "Measuring the Cosmos: How Scientists Discovered the Dimensions of the Universe". It details the main aspects of this history as recorded in the book, and in the process takes the conclusion that the book is a celebration of the human passion for knowledge and the great debates that have accompanied scientific advance.

From the Paper
"Searching the Skies: A Book Review of Measuring the Cosmos: How Scientists Discovered the Dimensions of the Universe by David H. Clark and Matthew D. H. Clark Clark and Clark's book is a historiography of the timeless human debate into the fundamental question of "Why?" Why do we exist? Where do we come from? Ultimately, what is the nature of the universe around us? The book follows the careers of the great minds of astrology from early antiquity to the modern era, following science as it haphazardly pushes forth the limits of human comprehension."

Tags:astronomy, history, debate

Abstract
This paper describes a performance that the writer attended on August 29, 2008 of the musical group known as the "Cosmos Trio." It specifically discusses the four works that they played at the concert: the "Petite Suite" (2007), a work known as "Beautiful, Sweet, Delicate for Flute, Viola, and Harp" (2005), "Trio in Four Movements for Flute, Viola and Harp" (2006), and "A Columbus Triptych" (2006).

From the Paper
"Overall, the reception of the works reflected the soothing rather than urgent quality of the pieces that were played. One problem with Cosmos Trio in performance might be that the viola and the harp do not have a wide audio range, and a flute is too quiet an instrument to provide a truly driving melody. The works, although skillfully played by exceptional musicians ultimately made an argument for the reason that most chamber groupings feature the more tonally rich and vibrant violin, viola, and cello rather than showcase the viola and the harp as the primary instruments over the course of an entire performance."

Tags:concert, orchestra, composition, instrument

From the Paper
"Their book is a blend of archaeology, anthropology, and astronomy and encompasses both the historical world and the mythical world of the Maya. It spans three thousand years, fro-m the Olmec civilization, through the various periods of the, pre-conquest Maya civilization up to the present day. Not only does their book shed light on the religion and culture of the ancient Maya, it also shows a definite continuance and connection between ancient and modern day practices. "

Tags:america, ancient, astronomy, civilizations, culture, latin, religion

Abstract
In this article, the writer shows how Aristotle's four causes and Plato's making of the cosmos were both alike and different in many ways. The writer explains that Aristotle wrote much about his four causes, and he was very intent on the fact that these four causes constituted much of what life was about and much of what people needed to understand in order for them to make sense of the world around them. The writer then notes that Plato, on the other hand, used the Timaeus as his discussion point for the creation of the cosmos that he speaks of, which is very similar to Aristotle's causes in many ways, and yet is not the same. The writer compares and contrasts the works, so that it becomes obvious how similar they are and yet how different they are in many ways. The writer concludes that there is much significance in what Aristotle and Plato write about and how they address some of the things that humanity must deal with on a daily basis.

Outline:
Introduction
Artistotle's Four Causes
Plato's Timaeus
Comparison and Contrast
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The third cause, the efficient cause, relates to the actual creation of the object in question. How the object is created and by whom affects the object when it is being created and also when it is finished. There must be some sort of initiating person or thing that starts the object on its way to creation, and this could be almost anything. Aristotle's argument was not that some specific thing or type of thing had to be the efficient cause, only that there must be something to start the creation of the object.
"In the final cause, Aristotle is referring to the reason for which something is done at all. People go to school to receive degrees and get certain jobs, for example, or they exercise to keep themselves in good health. These reasons are final causes. They are the end results and the ultimate reasons that people do things or create things, and they are often the most important reasons that human beings have when they decide that they must do something or make something. The final cause is often the most serious one of the four causes, but according to Aristotle all are important and have significance."

Tags:creation, causes, change, reasons

Abstract
This paper explains that, in Carlo Ginzburg's "The Cheese and the Worms: the Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller", the miller Menocchio, who was charged with heresy in Italy at the age of fifty-two, and then again fifteen years later, is a tale of class conflict and how the tension between the classes in the sixteenth century was influenced by the Protestant Reformation. The author points out that this period was a tumultuous time, both socially and religiously, because of the emergence in Europe of the middle class as illustrated by Menocchio's raise from the peasant tradition to become a moderately wealthy miller. The paper states that the case of Menocchio can be seen as a reaction to an oppressive ruling class, which was unique because of the new influence of literature on lower society and because it was one of the first times that a poor, self-taught individual dared to stand-up to the ecclesiastical order on the basis of logic.

From the Paper
"Still, many people in Menocchio's social position were unable to read or write as well as he could. And certainly, very few people in his time, who were exposed to the writings in his library, reached the same conclusions he rested upon. Yet "this distinctiveness had very definite limits. As with language, culture offers to the individual a horizon of latent possibilities-a flexible and invisible cage in which he can exercise his own conditional liberty." (Ginzburg, xx). This too, is hard to deny-an individual may be considered uncommon within his culture, but it is difficult to separate him from his culture completely. So, although Menocchio held many unusual beliefs, these beliefs cannot be removed from the context they came out of. "

Tags:heresy, protestant-reformation, middle=class, self-taught, printing-press

Abstract
This paper reviews three surveys ("Cosmo Quiz" articles) by which women readers are invited to survey themselves on mattes such as "foxiness" (sexual self-assertiveness), propensity for self-dramatization, and candor and honesty. It finds that as scientific material, these surveys are crude to the point of nonsense, but as a tool for very rudimentary self-awareness, they are probably not harmful.

From the Paper
"According to the National Research Council, scientific research rests on certain principles. Sound research should: 1. Pose significant questions that can be investigated empirically. 2. Link research to relevant theory. 3. Use methods that permit direct investigation of the question. 4. Provide a coherent and explicit chain of reasoning. 5. Replicate and generalize across studies. 6. Disclose research to encourage professional scrutiny and critique. Do surveys published in Cosmopolitan as "Cosmo Quiz" articles satisfy..."

Tags:cosmopolitan, survey, self, awareness

Abstract
The paper suggests the human frailty of hubris and the human penchant for inquisitiveness bring about Oedipus' demise; at the same time, the paper briefly notes how the story portrays mankind as being merely the play-thing of the fates. The paper concludes that Sophocles' greatest play is fundamentally about a human being succumbing to his own inner self and to the predetermined fate designated for him by the gods.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at how Oedipus Rex reveals the true nature of man and his or her place in the cosmos. In particular, the paper will suggest the human frailty of hubris and the human penchant for inquisitiveness bring about Oedipus' demise; at the same time, the paper will briefly note how the story portrays mankind as being merely the play-thing of the fates. When all is said and done, Sophocles' greatest play is fundamentally about a human being succumbing to his own inner self and to the predetermined fate designated for him by the gods."

Tags:true, nature, universe

Abstract
This paper analyzes the book by Ginzburg. The writer offers a critique of the fact that Ginzburg wrote a book with great insight but in actuality the book is based on more assumptions than fact.

Tags:carlo, ginzbug

Abstract
This paper discusses the comparison between Austen's novel, "Pride and Prejudice" and the popular magazine "Cosmopolitan", specifically the February 2002 edition featuring pop culture celebrity Britney Spears.

From the Paper
"The mere fact that Britney Spears is the highlighted celebrity in this issue illustrates Simons comparison between modern culture and the characters in the coming of age novels such as Pride and Prejudice. She is the example of the modern woman in pop culture just as the women portrayed in Pride and Prejudice were women of their culture. It is the essence of not only woman that is portrayed in both venues, it is the strength of women that is portrayed. Cosmopolitan magazine prides itself on dealing with women's issues in a way that empowers women. The whole essence of Austen's Pride and Prejudice is the internal struggle and strength of strong women. The characters in Pride and Prejudice focus on the camaraderie of strong women as does Cosmopolitan. The magazine draws its readers from a pool of a particular type of woman as does Pride and Prejudice. Women can identify with the articles in the magazine and the story of Pride and Prejudice. It becomes personal to them in many respects."

Tags:issue, problem, trash, society, magazine, development, era, culture

Abstract
This paper deals with the development of Heraclitian thought. It shows how Heraclitus was concerned with the essence of the earth's substance and existence. The writer explains how he divided his philosophy into three basic subcategories: fire, water and earth, which he believed to be the basic elements of earth. He is also credited with the theories of 'Unity in Opposites,' 'The Law of Non-Contradiction,' and 'The Cosmos in Constant Change.'

From the Paper
"Heraclitus (c. BCE 540) was born in Ephesus, on the Ionian Coast, near present-day Turkey. Deemed as the "puzzeling, obscure philosopher" (Article 1), he is known only by the 125 fragments that have survived from his book, "On Nature," through selected references by later authors. Essentially, Heraclitus' theory is divided into three parts: the Logos, the War and the Pyr (Fire). His search for an underlying element circumvented the earlier Milesians quest for a foundational, essential "arche." He claimed to be the first to grasp the LOGOS of the cosmos. According to various English translations of the Greek, LOGOS can mean a wide range of things, the most common of which is "word," and the lesser common including "reason," "argument," and "definition." It appears that Heraclitus believed the "latent structure is master of the visible structure." However, even such a claim is ambiguous enough to warrant further discussion. If language is the latent structure, and everything else is the visible, is language the master of all else? Or if the latent structure is language, and the visible structure is the cosmos, is language all that there is? And how did Heraclitus relate the need for language to existence itself? It is highly possible that the Heraclitusian LOGOS (as a linguistic, quintessential building block for existence) was the pre-cursor to Parmenites? philosophy of thought, language and existence, in that Parmenities asserted claims such as "nothingness can exist because it is spoke of and therefore much be something," (lecture notes, Anastasia Anderson, September 2002). However Heraclitus went so far as to state that the LOGOS is everything and "common to all things" (Fragment 2, Sextus, adv.math VII, 133), a claim which is not echoed later by Parmenities, who saw more limitations in language than Heraclitus did in the LOGOS."

Tags:logos, fire, water, earth, cosmos