Abstract
This paper describes dark energy, or anti-gravity, and debates theories of universe expansion, touching on Einstein's theory of relativity and cosmological constant. It also talks about the equation of state of the universe and its impact on universe expansion or contraction. It looks at how there are many theories about dark energy from the quintessence theory and the topological defect theory to the cosmological constant theory. It explains that, by analyzing the equation of state of this energy and evaluating current theories, scientists can construe a plausible theory for the fate of the universe.

From the Paper
"Physicists started negotiating and theorizing about the possibility of a dark energy around the turn of the century. One generally un-disproved theory from that time is that which relates the equation of state to the "cosmological constant." The cosmological constant (often called lambda) was proposed by Einstein in 1917 to make the universe unchanging in his equations (5). He was generally unsure of this idea, and rejected this theory shortly after it was determined that the universe is perpetually growing. However, his idea of a cosmological constant is currently applied to the universe in a slightly different way, setting the equation of state constant (5)(4). The current theories of dark energy date back to 1998 when supernovae were discovered to be dimmer than expected."

Tags:cosmological, einstein, gravity, hubble, quintessence

Abstract
This is an essay on the discussion of "How our understanding of the origin and the ultimate fate of the Universe depends on the present value of the Hubble constant, the microwave background energy, the total amount of mass and energy in the Universe, and the value of the cosmological constant "A" (note: the symbol is capital alpha). 5 pgs, bibliography lists 4 sources.

Tags:SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY / ASTRONOMY, understanding the originbp

Abstract
The paper explains that proponents of the principle believe, if any of the constants of life were any different than the observer knows them to be, then life as he or she knows it would not exist. Basically, the anthropic principle questions the origin of everything in the universe. The author reports that Brandon Carter, who presented his ideas about the anthropic principle in 1974, claims that the principle was meant only to caution astrophysicists and cosmologists of possible errors in the interpretation of astronomical and cosmological data unless the biological constraints of the observer were taken into account. The paper relates that the anthropic principle presents no definitive answers, only the suggestion that everything in the universe is interrelated and interdependent, and perhaps there is some type of intelligent design, a fundamental core that holds all these variable together.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Anthropic Principle
Thought Leaders

From the Paper
"The most significant premise of the anthropic principle is that our place in the universe is special. Further, we occupy a unique segment of cosmic history. This of course is the controversy of the principle. Since the early days of scientific thought, it has been believed that there is nothing special about our place in the universe. Believers in the anthropic principle hope to disprove this. Theologically, the anthropic principle has led to a revival of the argument from design, which had lost its intellectual respectability when Darwin came along."

Tags:doomsday, origin, astronomical, constraints, interdependent

Abstract
This paper discusses how William Lane Craig has created a simplified tree-system in which he breaks the universe down into having a beginning that was caused by a personal being. The paper then looks at how Craig provides four arguments as evidence to backup his notion and examines how the first two arguments are philosophical and are intertwined with the concept of infinity. Next, the paper examines how Craig's last two arguments are scientific dealing with the expansion of the universe and thermodynamic evidence that the universe used to be infinitely small.

From the Paper
"Morrison provides an objective voice to Craig's evidence. Morrison knows that infinity can exist in reality. A hypothetical library with an infinite amount of books is ridiculous in reality, but there are other things, which truly are infinite (p.96). There is the matter of Euclid's Maximum, it says nothing about the number of elements, and Craig makes the false assumption that since it does not work for infinity, then infinity cannot exist (p.97). Morrison argues that things such as space, numbers, of division of sub-regions are infinite. Our space is ever expanding, and be it a closed or open system, it will still be infinite. We know that there exist an infinite sub-numbers between any two numbers (eg. Numbers 1 to 2). If a person where to walk to a destination, at one point he would get to a half-way point, then from that point he would have to get to another half-way point, and another, and so on. "

Tags:universe, infinity, god

Abstract
The paper looks at the theme of helplessness as it emerges throughout the narrative. Specifically, the paper talks about Senator Sanchez's helplessness in the face of his terrifying illness and how he knows that all of the things he is promising on the campaign trail are nothing against the forces of nature. The paper then discusses how it seems as though Senator Sanchez is a frightened man who cannot control his urges: he falls for the beautiful Laura Farina and thereby sacrifices the remaining months of his life to a ruinous scandal that inevitably tarnishes beyond repair his hard-earned reputation. The paper shows how all in all, Marquez's short story is about men being powerless in the face of the fates - and powerless when confronting themselves.

From the Paper
"The following paper will look at Gabriel Garcia Marquez's, "Death Constant beyond Love". In doing so, the paper will look at the theme of helplessness as it emerges throughout the narrative. Specifically, the ensuing essay will talk about Senator Sanchez's helplessness in the face of his terrifying illness and how he knows that all of the things he is promising on the campaign trail - all of the power and influence he has accrued - are nothing against the forces of nature; to argue otherwise, to his mind, is to engage in a great lie. Beyond that, it seems as though..."

Tags:gabriel, garcia, marquez

Abstract
This experiment investigates the relationship of the horizontal displacement of a metal sphere, descending from an inclined plane falling through a vertical distance. With the speed of a metal sphere V0x, and the height of the ramp y, we can find the horizontal distance squared X?.

Tags:distance, gravity, lab, report, velocity

Abstract
This paper analyzes the life story of Muhammad according to the rites-of-passage model of Arnold van Gennep and Victor Turner, the relationship between the life story of Muhammad, and some of the key principles of Islamic cosmology and the ways in which Muhammad's life story might be linked to the cosmological traditions of the religions out of which Islam emerged.

From the Paper
"The rites-of-passage model, explained by Victor Turner, "indicate and constitute transitions between states" of "relatively fixed or stable conditions." This model contains three phases, pre-liminal, liminal, and post-liminal characterized by certain transitional traits: during the pre-liminal phase the individual or group "comprises symbolic behavior signifying detachment from an earlier fixed point in the social structure or a set of cultural conditions;" during the liminal phase "the state of the ritual subject is ambiguous; he passes through a realm that has few or none of the attributes of the past or coming state;" and during the post-liminal "the passage is consummated." "

Tags:islam, van, gennep, turner

Abstract
This paper explores the effects of constant change on organizations, both positive and negative, due to today's dynamic demographic, economic and social conditions. It investigated the interaction of individual and organizational development.

From the Paper
"The environment in which an organization operates is constantly changing. While change is good for an organization "it helps stimulate the organization to grow" change can be difficult to implement in an organization. In the 1990s, there has been an emerging approach to managing organizations using an engaged learning system coupled with a continuous learning environment through all ranks of the organization. In the 70s however, the management of the environment affecting the company was more issue-based. Attention was being paid to the development of flexible and rapid development systems. Difficultly in implementing change and the resistance to new ideas and process is often the cause for the downfall of many established organizations. Recognizing the role of an organization in the environment is important. The environment is not a separate entity: a world out there; rather, it is an amalgamation of all the factors affecting an organization (Morgan, 1997 p. 258)."

Tags:environment, organization, stimulate, change, learning, smanagement, rapid, development, systems

Abstract
This paper explores the fate of the universe. The writer looks back to the origins of the universe to see how it all started and what has been happening since then. In this article the writer explores some of the predictions for the future, the main one of which is that the universe will go on expanding forever.

From the Paper
"Before one can speculate on the fate of the universe, one must first look back to how it began. The modern version of the 'Big Bang' theory is that a massive explosion created all the mass and energy in the universe and also the fabric of time-space, which inflated rapidly after the big bang but then slowed down and the universe cooled down. The temperature dropped within minutes and free-roaming quarks formed protons and neutrons, some of which coalesced into the nuclei of simple elements."

Tags:Big Bang, Big Splat, Big Rip, cosmological constant, neutrinos, gravity

Abstract
This paper examines the origins and significance of hyperbolic geometry. Specifically,it briefly discusses the men who conceived of it, as well as how hyperbolic geometry differs from Euclidean geometry. Finally, and most importantly, the paper looks at the significance of hyperbolic geometry when it comes to exploring the universe around us.

From the Paper
"Delving deeper, the contemporary significance of non-Euclidean geometry grows more and more unavoidable - even to those disinclined to give it its "due". For one thing, it is well-known that hyperbolic geometry has shed some light on the immersion and curvature of spaces. More importantly, Einstein's theory of relativity is, at least in part, indebted to non-Euclidean geometry - though it is admittedly not clear from the available literature the precise extent to which hyperbolic geometry made his revolutionary findings vis-a-vis relativity possible. In any event, this writer - drawing upon course work completed in previous introductory classes that dealt with geometry and its relationship to modern cosmology - would be remiss if he did not also point out the fact that the "empty" regions in outer space where no matter exists can really only be described adequately using a hyperbolic model. In effect, understanding the Hubble Constant involves understanding and appreciating non-Euclidean, hyperbolic geometry."

Tags:relativity mathematics, Hubble Constant, cosmology