Abstract This paper explains that these correlates are important, since they represent the leading organizational indicators that affect student learning. The author states that the correlates include instructional leadership, clear and focused mission, safe and orderly environment, a high expectation climate, frequent monitoring of students? progress, positive relations between the home and school, and an opportunity to learn. The paper stresses that the uniqueness of these correlates is that they are the only set of research-based characteristics of a school's climate associated with improved and better learning.
From the Paper "By mastery, it means the completion of an established set of instructional objectives, which indicates the students? readiness to go forward to the next level. The level of thinking and teaching must be parallel to the students? abilities. There must be multiple teaching methods and high level thinking skills made available to all students. Any failure to demonstrate mastery of the subjects must be acted upon immediately with alternatives. School skills must be defined and explained to students. Goal setting and self-reporting exercises may be emphasized. Skills that are basic could be in the area of reading, writing, math, technology and citizenship. These are understood with clarity and taught by teachers. To breed expectation, the lessons must be reviewed while curriculums defined. Mastery level is not communicated but developed although the expectation for success is communicated."
Abstract This paper aims to identify a correlation between gender and alcoholic consumption by analyzing gender-related data concerning alcohol consumption and determining correlations not only between gender and alcohol consumption, but also between the issues within gender that might play as catalysts to the alcohol consumption. Through analyzing the results of different studies, it shows that the social, psychological and economic factors influencing the drinking of the genders differ in many ways. It discusses whether there really is a gender gap despite the fact that many studies show that men consume far more alcohol than women and examines changes in alcoholic consumption trends, it seems that women are consuming more alcohol today than in the past.
It looks at the differences in consequences of alcoholic consumption between genders and how the reasons why women drink, the way they drink, the way it affects their bodies, and the way they recover is entirely different than for men.
From the Paper "The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) has applied various methods of research regarding gender differences in response to alcohol consumption. According to NIAAA, alcohol research involving humans has traditionally been mainly focused on males. Only in recent years have studies realized the importance of including women in this topic.
Early conclusions from alcohol-related studies reveal increased vulnerability of women to damage by alcohol. NIAAA reports that within a shorter period of drinking and with less overall intake of alcohol, females are more vulnerable to the development of liver cirrhosis and brain damage due to alcohol abuse (Norton et al. 1987)."
Abstract This argumentative essay based on thorough analysis as well as extensive research revolves around and proves the following thesis statement - that there is a correlation between diet and cancer. It looks at the correlation between milk and dairy products and possible cancer developing cells; as well as various fruits and vegetables. It also looks at the risks of fried foods.
From the Paper "Diet is fuel for our body. On the same account a balanced nutritious intake is what a human body needs more than anything. Hence food is one of the most cardinal factors that determine the quality of our healthy as well as the longevity of our lives. Knowing which food to eat in what quantity and how food helps us in building our defence mechanisms is essential."
Abstract The paper reports that the review of the literature suggests, not only a correlation between breastfeeding and an increased IQ, but also researchers have developed sound theories about the cause of this correlation. The author points out that current studies suggest that it is the chemistry of the milk itself, rather than the bonding that occurs during nursing, that increases IQ. The paper stresses that demonstrating links between breastfeeding and IQ should encourage all mothers who can to breastfeed, and those who cannot, or choose not to, to select formulas that are as chemically close as possible to breast milk.
From the Paper "It is important to note that other studies refute this finding ? or at least call into question the overall importance (over the course of the entire lifespan) of breastfeeding in terms of increased IQ. While other research has correlated the findings of the New Zealand study that breastfeeding does provide an initial advantage to children, this advantage is reduced over time. Such a finding again underscores the complexity of attempting to determine what accounts for human intelligence (setting aside for the moment the fact that "intelligence" itself is a complex concept that has a number of different definitions, none of which works as well in all cultures). Certainly, it is possible that any benefits vis-?-vis raised IQ that a child receives because of breastfeeding may well be wiped out later on, if ? for example ? the child is severely abused."
Abstract The scope of this paper is to identify ten individual independent variables, such as economic or industrial growth and to test their significance in the prediction of variance in the percent defense expenditure within individual nations throughout the international community, through correlation to the dependent variable Percent GDP Army.
Outline
Introduction
Statistical Analysis of Variable Correlations Hypotheses and Findings
Conclusion
From the Paper "An individual nation's defense expenditures can be clearly correlated to a variety of domestic and international factors. The importance of discovering such correlations has been clearly evidenced through the repetitive events of global history. In the event the international community becomes able to accurately monitor and predict defense expenditures by individual nations in a timely and efficient manner, future conflicts, humanitarian crises, and global economic depressions may be effectively identified prior to occurrence and effectively circumvented."
Abstract This paper examines the question of whether there is any correlation between age and job satisfaction and concludes that age is a highly correlated predictor of employee satisfaction. In determining this, the paper considers several factors that likely contribute to that state of satisfaction including difficulty of finding a job at an older time of life, reluctance to part with built-up prerequisites such as leave time, insurance benefits, profit-sharing and regard of one's coworkers, employers and so on.
Chapter One: Background
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Chapter Three: Research Statements and Methodology
Chapter Four: Results and Conclusion
From the Paper "When there are too many workers and too few jobs, it seems that an investigation into job satisfaction is relatively without merit; when people are simply happy to have a job at all, they are unlikely to leave that job simply because some parts of the job itself, or the company, or their co-workers or the pay doesn't suit them perfectly. Although that is the situation at the moment, however, it will not always be so. While there are currently abundant older workers, notably the Baby Boom members born between 1946 and 1966, behind that generation-the generation of people born in the 1960s-there is a very small generation. No one at the moment is thinking about Baby Boomers and job satisfaction; mainly, at least from reading the consumer media, one would get the idea that companies' main desire is to simply get rid of the Baby Boomers, preferably without having to continue to pay their high salaries or pensions. Their lack of satisfaction would seem to be a bigger boon to businesses today than is keeping them happy. However, as noted, that will change. Before it does, it would be interesting to know not only if older workers in general are more satisfied with their jobs, but, if not, what is it that a company could do to help them in that respect."
Abstract This well-researched paper examines the findings published in numerous medical journals regarding the issue of women and drug addiction. This paper compares the results found in various tests and surveys between men and women addicted to drugs. According to one report, women are significantly more likely than men to have a diagnosis of panic disorders prior to their getting involved in heavy drug use. Another article suggests, that although drug abuse in men is still more prevalent than in women, women are in fact catching up to their male counterparts. This paper discusses the correlation between drug addiction and depression as well as suicide, in both men and women. The writer of this paper contends and explains the lack of support and rehabilitation services that are primarily geared towards women.
Table of Contents:
Gender Affects Relationships Between Drug Abuse and Psychiatric
Women and Substance Abuse
Men and Women May Process Cocaine Cues Differently
In Harms Way: Suicide in America
Relational Systems Change
Predominantly Female Caseloads: Identifying Organizational Correlates in Private Substance Abuse Treatment Centers
Prevalence and Motives for Illicit Use of Prescription Stimulants in an Undergraduate Student Sample
Validation of a System of Classifying Female Substance Abusers on the Basis of Personality and Motivational Risk Factors for Substance Abuse
References
From the Paper "With the huge percentage of private drug dependence treatment facilities dwarfing those run by government at various levels, it seems highly appropriate that gender-specific programming should be investigated, and in this article, some results of those inquiries are available. First, since women generally rely more on government-subsidized insurance, and private facilities are less likely to provide those funds, women are at a disadvantage in private centers. Secondly, private facilities rely in many cases on "fee-for-service" payers, again putting women at a disadvantage. Thirdly, private centers can chose which groups, and genders, to market to, based on demands and trends, which is "perhaps to the detriment of minority groups, like women," the article continues."
Abstract This paper explains that, although little research is available about the male anorexic, overall the disorder is likely a result of bio-psycho-social factors and encouraged by society wherein appearance is a worthy individual trait. The author points out that the proposed study will use a non-random sample of a minimum of 30 previously diagnosed anorexic male adolescents between the ages of 15 and 18 who will be administered the "Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale" to determine the existing level of each participant's obsessive-compulsive behavior. The paper reports that a multivariate correlation is the appropriate statistical tool for the proposed study because by, using a multivariate correlation, the investigator will be able to maximize the efficiency of the prediction in terms of the relationship between and among the two dependent variables and the four sub-dependent variables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Definition of Terms
Research Methodology
Participants
Measurement Instrument
Procedure and Analysis
Summary
From the Paper "Secondary level testable null hypothesis will include an analysis of the data to establish possible correlations between obsessive-compulsiveness and the socio-economic class, grade level, birth order, and family status (divorce vs. intact) of male adolescent anorexics. Research findings as to the existence or non-existence of a relationship between adolescent male anorexics and obsessive-compulsivity will provide valuable information for a clinical area that has, to date, little scientific data. As such the null hypothesis will be that no statistically significant correlation, at the .05 probability level, exists between and amongst the variables of grade level, birth order, socio-economic class, and family status with respect to the obsessive-compulsiveness of male adolescents who are anorexic."
Abstract The paper uses a literature review to evaluate what the relative strength of correlation is between substance abuse, affective disorders and incarceration in African American males. The strength of association is exampled from multiple populations including those incarcerated for petty theft, auto convictions, and those convicted of rape, murder or other forms of violent assault. The paper concludes that there is ample evidence from the literature supporting a relationship or correlation between substance abuse disorders, affective disorders and deviant behaviors among incarcerated African American males. However, there is also evidence suggesting that at present the criminal justice system in America is doing little do address the needs of this unique population.
Outline
Literature Review
Theories of Affective Disorders and Substance Abuse
Substance Abuse
Affective and Substance Abuse Problems Combined
Conclusions/Discussion
From the Paper "The theoretical framework describing the relationship between affective disorders, substance abuse and deviant behavior is often referred to as the "anomie perspective" and may be defined as the lack of normalness that one experiences in their day to day existence (Shaw, 2002). Following this theory, African males experience "more moral confusion and difficulty assimilating to the normal cultural landscape of society" and hence demonstrate "extremism in behavior", in part as a result of their loss of perspective or reality (Shaw, 2002:6). Further individuals suffering this state tend to lead extremes of life feeling "they are above the law or social order of society" in many cases, or lamenting their sad existence, both of which may lead to individual affective inclinations or substance abuse patterns in African males (Shaw, 2002:6). "Failure, frustration and strain" experienced in ordinary life can also result in moral unsureness and "polarized reactions to societal events" (Shaw, 2002: 6). This in turn may cause someone to give up hope or due diligence, or their efforts toward conformity and contribute to deviant behavior. Under the framework of anomie, strain and "moral undecidedness or lessening in normative control feed back on each other making substance dealing, abuse and deviant behavior an acceptable reaction to life and reality" (Shaw, 2002:6)."
Abstract This paper examines the nature of temporal memory, visual perception, and attention shifts through eye movement prove intriguing subject matter. The paper looks into two particular experimental designs used to investigate these issues. The first investigates how eye movement and visual short-term memory are related to pedestrian traffic behavior. The second experimental design tests the correlation between television viewing and the ability to read stereograms. Both television viewing and comprehension of stereograms require a long period of looking at once spot and taking in visual information, though one involves absorption of moving information and the other involves absorption of still information. The paper explains that both designs observe eyeball movement and visual focus in terms of competency tasks and that one involves the real-life scenario of pedestrian behavior, while the other involves the ability to detect hidden geometric patterns using visual focus. The paper concludes that the first experiment is an important test to implement because pedestrian traffic fatalities prove to be a dominant and historical problem, while the second test is interesting because the ability to glimpse the hidden images in stereograms is still an unsolved mystery.
From the Paper "The problem is how to test the hypotheses in an ethical fashion. Restricting the potential eye movement and scope of vision of pedestrians as they walk through real-life traffic would be very ethically wrong. Instead, a simulation needs to be developed whereby the safety of subjects is not compromised. In this case, the simulation can come either via reconstruction of a traffic scenario (difficult to enact) or in terms of a computer simulation (which poses no safety risk). A number of computer games already exist in which traffic and pedestrian behavior are a major part of the game. An obvious example is Grand Theft Auto, though as this game is controversial (violence, bad language) it may not be appropriate. The game "City Life" would be better, as it is visually very realistic and easy to maneuver. Other Sims games may be also appropriate and are readily available. However, in order to eliminate the chance of video prowess of being an extraneous variable, the game should be very simple and easy for computer game "beginners" to maneuver. A pedestrian street version of city life, or a fairly "clean" part of Grand Theft Auto, may be appropriate. The scene selection is one whereby intersecting traffic is a consideration and the A to B point of pedestrian travel is a fairly straight, easy-to-monitor course."
Abstract This paper presents a study that shows a significant correlation between women diversion programs and recidivism rates for women. The paper relates that the hypothesis of the study is that diversion programs for women lowered recidivism rates for women. The paper also relates that the study used a survey sample of 724 women in the Onondaga County's 'Fight for Women' diversion program and 400 women not in a diversion program. The paper explains the survey results which indicate that there was a significant correlation between diversion programs and recidivism rates.
From the Paper "As of 2004 "the federally-funded Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Technical Assistance and Policy Analysis Center for Jail Diversion (TAPA) lists 294 operating jail diversion programs nationally. These programs include a variety of pre-booking programs, which divert individuals at initial contact with law enforcement officers before formal charges are brought, and post-booking programs, which identify individuals in court or in jail for diversion at some point after arrest and booking."
Abstract This paper discusses the correlation between alcoholism or drug use, and child abuse. The author highlights the physiological, psychological and emotional harm child abuse causes and raises some ideas for prevention action initiative to tackle the child abuse phenomenon. The author concludes that prevention education, support services and self-help groups are necessary for child abuse prevention.
From the Paper "Research indicates that there are some disturbing parallels between the children of alcoholics and drug addicts and victims of maltreatment. According to an article on childabuse.com, 40% of reported child maltreatment cases involve the use of alcohol or other drugs. ?This suggests that of the 1.2 million confirmed victims of child maltreatment, an estimated 480,000 children are mistreated each year by a caretaker with alcohol or other drug problems.? (childabuse.com) Consequences of both substance abuse and child abuse may include physical stress, psychological stress, and disruption if normal behavioral development. For instance, both victims of maltreatment and children of alcoholics/ habitual drug users, feel guilty and responsible for their parent's problem. Both groups of children often have self-esteem issues, fear of failure, and suffer from clinical depression and anxiety. In addition, these emotional effects predicate other behaviors in adolescence and adulthood such as criminal behavior, delinquency, and other deviant behavior. Even though there has not been a great deal of evidence to substantiate this hypothesis, it is thought that exposure to violence in both alcohol abusing and child-maltreating households increases the likelihood that the children will commit and be recipients of acts of violence. (National Institute of Justice, Online)"
Abstract This paper presents an overview of the disorders Bulimia nervosa and Hypothyroidism, including a description of both syndromes and their effects (diagnoses/onset of Bulimia and role of thyroid gland), as well as a review of various research findings interconnecting the two. In particular, long term damaging effects of Bulimia such as low blood sugar and hyperglycemia, lower resting metabolic rates, and malnutrition are examined in order to correlate it with the possible onset of hypothyroidism.
From the Paper "A brief description of Bulimia Nervosa according to the latest DSM IV entails recurrent episodes of binge eating characterized of larger than normal portions in shorter than average time spans. These episodes are accompanied by a lack of control over feeding behavior and typically followed by a period of compensatory behavior such as self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives, diuretics, enemas, or other medications; fasting, or excessive exercise. Binges and purges occur in ongoing cycles for an average of at least twice a week for three months. An onset of bulimia usually occurs in later adolescence and more prevalent in females. People suffering this condition may or may not be overweight and may or may not have suffered previously or are concurrently suffering from Anorexia Nervosa."
From the Paper "This research examines an application of the statistical procedures of correlation and regression analysis. The initial part of the examination describes correlation and regression procedures, and illustrates the use of the procedures in an application. Following the description and illustration, the accuracy and appropriateness of the application is discussed.
Description of the Procedure, and An Illustration of the Use of the Procedure in An Application
Correlation and regression procedures are described in this section. This description is followed by an illustration of the use of the procedures in an application."
Abstract A research study to determine the corrleation between gun ownership and beliefs of others. Impact of subcultures on ownership of guns for protection. Methodological problems of various studies. Research design. Hypotheses. Definitions. Results. Concludes that a positive correlation exists between incorporation of the beliefs of others into an individual's belief system.
From the Paper "Introduction
The literature on firearms ownership is filled with methodological problems and results in limited knowledge. While Lizotte and Bordua (1980) attempted to overcome these problems with their own study, analysis of their findings demonstrated a limitation regarding ownership of guns for protection, due to their definition of socialization and subculture.
Problem
Previous research on the topic of firearm ownership has studied the issue from a social perspective, identifying it as a social problem as opposed to a behavior due to a socialization process. It is also noted that studies regarding the use of firearms for sports is lacking as is literature regarding the ownership of guns for protection ..."
