Abstract
This paper looks at how the works "The Scarlet Letter" and "The Author to Her Book" provide a good definition of corrective afflictions. When thinking in terms of how the theme of corrective afflictions is present in the novel and the poem, one could define it as placing someone into a position of pain to correct some sort of sin that one has committed. This paper looks at how this concept influences the main characters of these writings.

From the Paper
"There are many corrective afflictions given to both Anne and Hester. Hester and "the ill formed offspring,"(140) are the children who display these corrective afflictions to their mothers. God placed all of Hester and Anne's corrective afflictions upon them, in order to fix pieces of their lives that seemed to be broken. Both Anne Bradstreet and Hester Prynne walk through life with challenges that appear dismal, having thoughts of there being no chance for happiness. Through the afflictions given to the mothers from the children, and the abnormalities that the mother's must respond to, there are lessons for Anne and Hester to learn from Pearl and the "ill formed offspring." Yet, the afflictions are adherent to the fact that it will make their lives seemingly complete. The corrective afflictions change Hester and Anne's perception from their lives being utterly worthless, to wanting to make their lives one with the righteous of heart and soul."

Tags:hester, pearl, pain, lesson, correct, sin

Abstract
This paper presents the literature review and a formal research proposal for a study to determine if a Corrective Thinking Program in the Community Correctional Center positively affects behavior, education, life style and recidivism rates in inmates who undertake this training for six months. This paper examines a new model, Corrective Thinking Curriculum, being tested to help inmates at one correctional center break down their destructive ways of behaving. This paper discusses that the central tenet of this model is classical conditioning models of learning.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Statement of Problem
Statement of Purpose
Statement of Need
Statement of Assumptions
Statement of Limitations
Methodology
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Correction center officials are often reluctant to allow inmates any discretion; while this is understandable on many levels, it also is, in general, counterproductive at least with the majority of inmates. If inmates are never given the chance to receive positive reinforcement for their behavior, it is unlikely, in the extreme, that their behavior will change before they are released. The Corrective Thinking Curriculum is designed to change this self-defeating cycle."

Tags:model, curriculum, destructive, conditioning, learning, literature, review, community, recidivism, training

Abstract
This paper provides in-depth research into this program being used in a prison in Lebanon, Ohio. It examines a new model currently being tested to help inmates at one correctional center break down the destructive ways of behaving that have earned them imprisonment. The paper provides an analysis into the social behavior, mental condition and personal emotions of inmates who have undergone this program and attempts to examine if the program is effective. It explain what the program entails, which tries to change a prisoner's behavior and thought process.

Introduction
Literature Review
Statement of Problem
Statement of Purpose
Statement of Need
Statement of Assumptions
Statement of Limitations
Methodology
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Corrective Thinking sessions are the heart of the program. This section discusses the theoretical basis for the structuring of these sessions within the framework of established psychological theory and practice.
Each session is governed by the following five mandatory specification:
No display of disrespect from or toward anyone.
A clearly defined set of goals for each meeting.
Establishment at the beginning of each session of a common ground (which is the achievement of the desired goal) between participants and facilitators.
Explicit agreements between facilitators and participants that they will try to accomplish something beyond the (minimum) stated goals.
A clear designation of the responsibility of each of the participants and facilitators.

The model of behavioral change currently being tested at this center also specifies a series of guidelines that should be adhered to in every Corrective Thinking Session."

Tags:social, mental, prison, jail, model, ohio, lebanon, condition, session, LSI

Abstract
The paper is a research proposal to analyze the methods and procedures that ESL/SLA teachers use as corrective measures when tackling the variety of mistakes made by SLA students. The study will take place at a college in East London and will assess the mistakes and corrective measures used for students at different levels. The study aims to highlight the common errors and common corrective measures as well as the associations between all relevant literature on the use of corrective measures and their practical implementation. The assumption behind the research proposal is that the mistakes and errors that students make, especially within the SLA dynamic, are usually perceived and handled negatively which makes the process more discouraging and difficult for the students. The paper further contends that a change is needed in the corrective measures used to ensure that student results are sustainable.
The paper includes sample test papers (with comments) and questionnaires for both teachers and students.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Literature Review
Meaning of Terminologies
Outline of Studies Conducted on Error Treatment
Damaging Outlooks of Error Treatment
Constructive impacts of Error Treatment
Categories of Learner Errors
The Techniques of Error Treatment
Explicit Correction and Implicit Correction
Extent of Explicitness
Variety of Errors
Correction Codes
Taxonomy
Conclusion
Methodology
Introduction
Research Questions
Written Sample Selection
Sample of Teachers:
Student Written Samples - Validity
Created Written Samples:
Research Methods
Methods
Pilot study
Research Tools
Classification of Learner Errors
Classification of Error Treatment Methods
Data Analyses
Quantitative Data
Procedure for Analysis
Variables
Dependent Variable:
Qualitative data
Ethics
Concluding Remarks
Results and Conclusion
Interview Analysis:
Regularity of Error Treatments:
Types of Learner Errors and Frequency of Error Treatment:
Overall Degree of Explicitness of Error Treatment Methods:
Types of Learner Errors and Degree of Explicitness of ET Methods:
Error Treatment and Course Factors:
Beginners:
Intermediate:
Advanced:
Implications for Error Treatment in Teaching L2 Writing Skills:
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Concluding remarks:
References:
Appendix I
Questionnaire
For Teachers
For Students

From the Paper
"This study will focus on highlight the treatment of written error correction by ESOL teachers at a college in East London for all elementary (beginner), intermediate and advance level of students that are studying under the ESL program and curriculum being implemented at the college. The study will be divided into four different chapters, each focusing on a different aspect of the study. The first chapter, 'Introduction' will give a brief opening to the paper highlighting the statement of the problem and the purpose of the study. Chapter 2 will be the 'Literature Review' where we will use all the prior studies conducted in the field as a spectrum of reference to highlight the importance of the topic and the impact that various error treatments have on the understanding capabilities of the students as well as how they react to the different format of the treatment techniques used by teachers at the different levels. Here, we will also explain the terminologies that will be used in the paper as well as point out some of the common negative impacts that different types of treatments can have on the teachers and students. Some of the correction codes and taxonomies that are regularly used by teachers will also be lined in this section. Chapter 3 will consist of the 'Methodology' where we will include the research questions, written sample selections of corrected material, research methods and tools that will be used to conduct the study. This section will also include the classification of errors and a data analyses section. Chapter 4 will highlight the results, conclusion and interpretations made from the data collected and will highlight the interview analyses made with specific attention given to the impact that some explicit treatment techniques have on the students."

Tags:english, language, students, teaching, treatment, taxonomy

Abstract
This paper discusses the difficulties when working in a correctional institution. Correctional officers are in daily contact with murders, rapists and other violent offenders. It is often necessary for such facilities to expand, or to bring in more inmates, simply because of the nature of today's society. The paper reports that these needs put increased pressure on an already strained support system. Correctional officers are often underpaid and turnover can be high in correctional facilities. Desert View Modified Community Correctional Institute has such a need to expand; however, the high rate of turnover among the correctional officers, in conjunction with the difficulty in hiring new officers, makes it difficult to maintain the staff needed for such an expansion. Such difficulty would make an expansion difficult and unsafe for the community.

Tags:california, correctional, privatization

Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth review of literature looking at the effects and causes of stress among correctional officers. The paper examines literature discussing the theories of stress and burnout, stress among correctional officers, effects of stress on correctional officers, job satisfaction and turnover among correctional officers.

From the Paper
"Specifically, this chapter will include theories of stress and burnout, stress among correctional officers, effects of stress on correctional officers, job satisfaction and turnover among correctional officers and a summary of the chapter. Job related stress has been associated with a vast array of physical diseases and psychological disorders and has been..."

Tags:Corrections

Abstract
This paper explains how correctional coaching may be a cost effective alternative to firing employees. The paper states that the purpose of correctional coaching--a method of achieving both personal and professional goals--is to create the type of work environment that is both attractive and conducive to quality employees. The author lays out the steps to becoming a successful correctional coach, provides a story of an inspirational coach who helped his team post hurricane Katrina, and concludes with an example of effective peer coaching.

From the Paper
"As a correctional coach, the goal is to listen for the opportunity to guide employees into solutions that benefit the correctional setting and help the employees to establish goals or means to accomplish their ends. (Gomez 44) It is of the utmost importance to instill a positive morale amongst the work force. Gomez states that coaching is not the same as counseling, in that it is action oriented involving the implementation and subsequent accomplishment of goals. (44) The manager must of course follow the golden rule and treat the employees with respect; in this fashion it may be returned. The element of correctional coaching is also long-term, as goals are not necessarily accomplished overnight.
"As the task of being a correctional coach is consuming, there are various steps which must be taken. Initially the correctional coach must identify their idea as to the mission or ultimate goal of what they wish to establish for the organization is, and share this with their staff. Then is the observance of behavior, and upon data collection, correctional coaching would begin if needed. Areas that could use improvement are identified, alongside their goals for said improvement. Goals are defined and a plan of attack created then initiated. Along the way progress is measured and following the ultimate success a feedback process, with continual coaching to maintain motivation to ensure all areas maintain proper efficiency and do not necessitate the creation of correctional processes."

Tags:coach coaching correctional motivational, corrections coaching

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the Florida's Community Corrections system has been challenged by budgetary constraints and shortfalls. The writer analyzes an Internet article on the Florida Office of Community Corrections and its efforts to deal with budget cuts.

From the Paper
"Under Florida law the Office of Community Corrections is charged with supervising offenders placed on community supervision programs including pre-trial intervention probation community control, drug offender probation, sex offender probation and post-release supervision. Like other organizations or agencies subsumed within the criminal justice system, Florida's Community Corrections system has been challenged by budgetary constraints and shortfalls. It is this issue as described by Hieteenthia Hayes, Assistant Secretary for the Florida Department of Corrections that will be investigated herein ..."

Tags:corrections, Office of Community Corrections, budgeting, article, public agencies, public agency, criminal justice

Abstract
The paper contends that correctional facilities do not work as intended. In part, this failure could be blamed on prison overcrowding. The paper explains that related to this issue is that of insufficient coverage by correctional officers. A third potentially related issue is the failure of our correctional facilities lack of funding to provide adequate room and personnel to oversee all prisoners in the system. The paper considers that a solution to this problem would seem twofold.

From the Paper
"Additional beds are needed to house inmates produced by current sentencing guidelines. In addition, additional funding in the system would assist both with the housing and the personnel coverage. It has been suggested in the past that privatization of the correctional system would be of assistance with both issues. For that reason, this suggested design will be intended to address these needs with a facility built using private funds. Privatizing correctional facilities is not new."

Tags:privatization, correctional, facility

Abstract
This paper talks about how the role of corrections has changed since the 1960's. The focus is mainly on community-based corrections.

From the Paper
" The poverty programs of the 1960's which failed to win the war on poverty but made strong impressions on the Nation, are of particular importance for corrections. The ideology underlying those programs suggested that persons of minority origin and low socio-economic status systematically are denied access to higher status in American society. They are persistently over represented among those who experience mental and physical illness, educational failure, unemployment, and crime and delinquency. Programs that attacked such systematic exclusion from higher status used varied techniques. emphasis on cultural awareness attempted to promote dignity and pride among minority groups, inserted minority history into America's records, and resulted in new group cohesion, political clout, and often militant reactions with newly discovered strength."

Tags:community, corrections, crime, punishment