Abstract
The paper reviews a study done on one mid-western correctional facility that explored the possible antecedents of correctional staff work on family conflict. The paper examines the measures of validity and reliability, as well as proposed changes in methodology for increased validity and reliability. The paper also looks at methodology for the reliability of future studies.

Outline:
Part 1: Validity and Reliability in General
Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
Predictive Validity
Construct Validity
Alternate-Forms Reliability
Inter-observer Reliability
Inter-item Reliability
Part 2: Improvements in Reliability and Validity
Replication of the Study

From the Paper
"Self reporting studies are inherently, unless carefully crafted, in the areas of validity and reliability. When reviewing validity, the three measurement areas of idiosyncratic individual errors, generic individual errors, and method factors are all difficult to overcome in self reported studies. The perception of self and of surroundings can be as varied as the individuals self reporting the results to the researchers. Further, the motivation to be completely accurate and candid with the researchers is not evident, especially in this case where the researchers were paying for the results. The researchers chose to study only one correctional facility, and of the 450 possible respondents, received only 275 responses. (Lambert & Hogan, 2006, p.21) These factors lead to the low levels of validity and reliability further explored below."

Tags:validity, reliability, replication, methodology

Abstract
This paper explores an article that presents the exploratory research by Lambert and Hogan entitled 'Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict' and reported in a 2006 "Professional Issues in Criminal Justice: A Professional Journal". The author points out that the nominal level of measurement was the control variables labeled "Personal Characteristics", such as gender, age and position. The paper reports that the measures of the variables, other than those of the personal characteristics, were on a sliding scale, which could not be interpreted as ordinal data or variables. The author reports that the independent variables were the level of job danger, role ambiguity, role conflict, instrumental communication (performance feedback), integration, input to decision-making, supervision, job variety and organizational fairness; the dependent variable of work on family conflict was rated at several different levels.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Nominal Data / Nominal Variables
Ordinal Data / Ordinal Variables
Interval Data / Interval Variables
Ratio Data / Ratio Level Variables
Methodology of Research
Proposed Version of Similar Research

From the Paper
"The goal of yielding a bounty of ratio data would require an expansion of the dependent variable on the survey. In the present research, work on home conflict was limited to nine items varying from time conflict to strain or harm to family life. The researchers determined that only five of the independent variables had a statistically significant influence upon work on home conflict If it is desired to obtain more ratio data, then a new survey should be prepared emphasizing the five areas most likely to antecede work on home conflict and of those items rate the level of each area of work on home conflict established by the first survey."

Tags:scale, antecedents, explanatory, survey, ethnic

Abstract
This paper reviews a study from the 2006 Professional Issues in Criminal Justice: A Professional Journal entitled "Possible Antecedents of Correctional Staff Work on Family Conflict." The paper explains that the study was conducted on one Midwestern correctional facility. The different measures of validity and reliabliity are reviewed and discussed. The methodology of the study and possibly ways to improve it are proposed. Finally, the methodology for repeatablity is proposed.

From the Paper
"This paper shall review a study done on the possible antecedents of correctional staff work on family conflict. This study was conducted on one mid-western correctional facility. The measures of validity and reliability shall be explored. Proposed changes in methodology for increased validity and reliability shall also be explored. Finally, methodology for repeatability for future studies shall be explored."

Tags:prison, guard, psychology, trauma, jail

Abstract
This paper explores the issue of working parents and the conflicts they face between juggling their family responsibilities with their work schedules. Specifically, the paper makes reference to a large number of studies conducted into this issue, including Chow and Berheide, Voydanoff, Frone, Russell and Cooper, Bronneberg, Hammer, Allen and Grigsby and Frone, Yardley, and Markel in 1997. The paper looks at working mothers and the effects on their own and their children's lives.

From the Paper
"Research has been conducted in the field of work-family conflict for a number of years. Initially studies on family and work were being conducted as being two separate areas of research. But later research has focused to be dealing with the interrelationship between family and work and between work and family. Based on quantitative survey research, present research aims to promote a relationship between work, family and community."

Tags:women, mother, child, employment

Abstract
In this article the writer notes that the issue of staff-on-inmate sexual misconduct remains a prevalent problem within the United States correctional system. The writer points out that there is a vast amount of research on the topic that has triggered the passage of new laws as well as placed a greater focus on the need for correctional facility officials and the Department of Justice to take actions to put an end to the abuse. The writer offers solutions to this increasing problem. The writer concludes that it appears that correctional administration and prison staff clearly have their work cut out for them if they want to achieve a safer and fairer modern correctional system.

From the Paper
"Although somewhat recognized as a problem, sexual abuse within the prison system did not seem to occur as frequently as the later research tends to reveal. For example, by the early 1980s, it became increasingly noticeable that sexual abuse by those in a supervisory type position tended to be strategic, and that such formulations implied the presence of cognitive processes that allow offenders to simultaneously overcome their own inhibitions and the resistance of the victim. Ferund was among the first to explicitly acknowledge the role of cognition in explaining sexual abuse. He argued that sexual offenders had to overcome both internal and external inhibitions as well as the resistance of the victim in order for abuse to occur. According to his research, these offenders had to find a way to avoid taking responsibility for or to deny the harmfulness of behaviors that they would otherwise recognize as abusive. In general, researchers theorized that prison guards idealized the fact that they were in control over an unworthy population, and that such cruel treatment as sexual abuse was deserved by this population."

Tags:prison, abuse, victim, officer

Abstract
The paper attempts to pinpoint the reasons for staff absenteeism in the prison system. The paper presents a study that uses a survey of corrections staff in a major prison facility. The paper discusses how solving the abstenteeism problem will help to improve the health, safety and well-being of staff members as well as inmates.

Outline:
Executive Summary
Problem Statement
Research Objectives
Literature Review
Methodology
Glossary of Terms

From the Paper
"Absenteeism in the correctional system reduces the efficiency of the organization. It can also be costly as well. The problems associated with absenteeism in prisons are exacerbated by rapidly rising prison populations (Dolovich, 2005). . In 1975, there were approximately 226,000 inmates in prisons across the United States (Cettinger, 1976 in Dolovich, 2005) By 1984, the population had risen to 740,000 (Hindelang Criminal Justice Research Ctr., 2004). By 2003, the prisoner population in the United States was over 2.1 million (Harrison and Beck, 2004). This dramatic rise in prison populations places the entire system under strain. Absenteeism significantly adds to this problem as staff struggle to take up the slack for those that are not at work."

Tags:guards, employees, leaves, absences, excuses, costs, productivity

Abstract
The paper relates that the family as a unit is not a static social unit but rather a dynamic group of individuals who interact with each other in dyads that involve the parents, the parent and child and siblings. The paper explains that conflicts are an inevitable part of these relationships and peak during adolescence, when their reasoning faculties become more formal and start to doubt the infallibility of parents and older siblings. However, the paper shows how conflict resolution can be achieved by ensuring that both parties reach a "win-win" compromise by different methods of negotiation utilized in different social scenarios outside of the family unit.

Tags:family, conflict, resolution

From the Paper
"One of the largest transformations in family life over the last decades has been the rise of the dual-earner family. The number of families which are dual-earner, married couple households has increased dramatically, having overtaken "traditional" breadwinner/homemaker families in number as early as the mid-70s, continuing into even through the late 1980s and 1990s. Despite the phenomenal growth in this segment of the population, very little has been done to meet the growing needs of dual-earner families. With the prevalence of mothers and fathers in the work force, inevitably we find that there is a conflict. Caregivers in the workforce face the difficult decision to choose between their family and their jobs, and unfortunately, most employers do not do enough to help."

Tags:squeeze, time, family, values, dual, earner, century

Abstract
This paper discusses a work-related conflict amongst personnel at the Cleveland Veterans Health Administration's (VHA) Progressive Care Unit (PCU). A brief description of the professional work environment is provided and the organizational structure and culture are identified. The paper also offers a final unique consideration and a conflict scenario with the impact on all stakeholders.

Outline:
Professional Work Environment
Organizational Structure / Culture
Unique Considerations
Conflict Situation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"On all shift in the PCU at the Cleveland VHA an underline conflict between RNs and NAs is present. This conflict is centered on the inappropriate perceptions of job description and duties. The NA job description include patient care duties such as EKGs, vitals, glucose monitoring, patient hygiene and duties delegated by RN staff. When the unit does not have adequate NA staffing RNs compensates by performing NA duties on top of regular nursing duties. The conflict developed when a majority of the NA believed that the duties normally assigned to NA was being unfairly assigned to NA instead of the nursing staff as they have been done in the pass when NA staff was short. NA started to deliberately performing delegated task exceptionally slow or refused to do the duties at all."

Tags:acuity, of, this, unit, management, conflicts, development, hierarchy, superiors, subordinates