Abstract
The paper is a research proposal to analyze the methods and procedures that ESL/SLA teachers use as corrective measures when tackling the variety of mistakes made by SLA students. The study will take place at a college in East London and will assess the mistakes and corrective measures used for students at different levels. The study aims to highlight the common errors and common corrective measures as well as the associations between all relevant literature on the use of corrective measures and their practical implementation. The assumption behind the research proposal is that the mistakes and errors that students make, especially within the SLA dynamic, are usually perceived and handled negatively which makes the process more discouraging and difficult for the students. The paper further contends that a change is needed in the corrective measures used to ensure that student results are sustainable.
The paper includes sample test papers (with comments) and questionnaires for both teachers and students.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Literature Review
Meaning of Terminologies
Outline of Studies Conducted on Error Treatment
Damaging Outlooks of Error Treatment
Constructive impacts of Error Treatment
Categories of Learner Errors
The Techniques of Error Treatment
Explicit Correction and Implicit Correction
Extent of Explicitness
Variety of Errors
Correction Codes
Taxonomy
Conclusion
Methodology
Introduction
Research Questions
Written Sample Selection
Sample of Teachers:
Student Written Samples - Validity
Created Written Samples:
Research Methods
Methods
Pilot study
Research Tools
Classification of Learner Errors
Classification of Error Treatment Methods
Data Analyses
Quantitative Data
Procedure for Analysis
Variables
Dependent Variable:
Qualitative data
Ethics
Concluding Remarks
Results and Conclusion
Interview Analysis:
Regularity of Error Treatments:
Types of Learner Errors and Frequency of Error Treatment:
Overall Degree of Explicitness of Error Treatment Methods:
Types of Learner Errors and Degree of Explicitness of ET Methods:
Error Treatment and Course Factors:
Beginners:
Intermediate:
Advanced:
Implications for Error Treatment in Teaching L2 Writing Skills:
Scope and Limitations of the Study
Concluding remarks:
References:
Appendix I
Questionnaire
For Teachers
For Students

From the Paper
"This study will focus on highlight the treatment of written error correction by ESOL teachers at a college in East London for all elementary (beginner), intermediate and advance level of students that are studying under the ESL program and curriculum being implemented at the college. The study will be divided into four different chapters, each focusing on a different aspect of the study. The first chapter, 'Introduction' will give a brief opening to the paper highlighting the statement of the problem and the purpose of the study. Chapter 2 will be the 'Literature Review' where we will use all the prior studies conducted in the field as a spectrum of reference to highlight the importance of the topic and the impact that various error treatments have on the understanding capabilities of the students as well as how they react to the different format of the treatment techniques used by teachers at the different levels. Here, we will also explain the terminologies that will be used in the paper as well as point out some of the common negative impacts that different types of treatments can have on the teachers and students. Some of the correction codes and taxonomies that are regularly used by teachers will also be lined in this section. Chapter 3 will consist of the 'Methodology' where we will include the research questions, written sample selections of corrected material, research methods and tools that will be used to conduct the study. This section will also include the classification of errors and a data analyses section. Chapter 4 will highlight the results, conclusion and interpretations made from the data collected and will highlight the interview analyses made with specific attention given to the impact that some explicit treatment techniques have on the students."

Tags:english, language, students, teaching, treatment, taxonomy

Abstract
This paper studies whether -- and to what degree -- grammar and error correction should be emphasized in a language classroom. The author presents research done on the questions of: (1) how much explicit grammar instruction should be conducted? and (2) to what extent does error correction assist the learner? The author concludes from the research that grammar is more effectively learned when taught in an integrated, rather than explicit, format. The author further concludes that directly correcting errors is only important if the error precludes comprehension.

From the Paper
"There has always been debate about the place of grammar in the language classroom. Undoubtedly, the mastery of any language depends on understanding the rules that govern the arrangement and relationship of words in a sentence. Knowledge of grammatical concepts is a key step in language learning. A grammatical item, once learned, acts as a formula that can be applied to the construction of new sentences. Pica's (1994) explains that there are cases where explicit grammar instruction may accelerate the learners' progress across the stages of language acquisition. In many cases, such as the use of the plural -s, instructed learners tended to make fewer errors than those who had no classroom experience and were left to create their own strategies of learning. This, however, is by no means the end of the story. There are many factors that must be considered when deciding how and when grammar should be taught."

Tags:learn, grammatical, universal, error, comprehension, second, foreign, language

Abstract
Juvenile crime is a tremendous problem throughout the United States. Several states have created initiatives to curb juvenile crime and prevent juvenile delinquency. New York is just on of the states that have taken the initiative to reduce juvenile crime with the Juvenile Justice Project. This paper begins by explaining the difference between juvenile delinquents and juvenile offenders. It also examines why juveniles end up in these facilities. The paper then focuses on the types of correctional facilities in New York and the treatment that juveniles get in New York correctional facilities. Finally, the author of the paper explains whether or not he agrees with the New York Juvenile Corrections System.

From the Paper
"In addition, to health services juveniles that are incarcerated in these facilities have access to education, chapel services, and recreation. (Secure Detention) Each of the detention facilities has three schools that are fully staffed and provide juveniles with a tailored education. These schools are collectively known as the Passage Academy. (Secure Detention) There are also full time chaplains who are available for spiritual counseling in each of the facilities. Chapel services are held during the week and on holidays. Juveniles are also given access to recreation including outdoor yards and game rooms. (Secure Detention)"

Tags:non-secure, facilities, case, worker, Passage, Academy

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the United States, prisons are run like a big business enterprise. The writer points out that rehabilitation programs for criminals are few, which results in prisons having revolving doors through which felons come and go with great regularity. The writer discusses that efforts to stem crime are largely ineffective, partly because the correction system has evolved into a huge empire where the convicted are mostly housed and not taught to find a better way to live. The writer concludes that the correction system needs to be rebuilt with diversion programs for mid to low-level offenders, where these inmates can be rehabilitated through education and vocational training.

From the Paper
" Citizens and politicians who succeed in pushing for laws and reforms that deal with the tough on crime idea, often do not always follow through, since the law or reform is written during a public panic. Examples are Megan's Law and Three Strikes. Megan's Law makes it necessary for sex offenders to register every year with the police department in the city in which they reside. In a sense this is a good idea, but it causes panic among citizens if a high-profile sex offender is released in their community. In some instances, the prison system is forced to house these offenders, indefinitely, in a trailer on prison grounds. So, who is the law benefiting? The offender is being branded as a sex offender and the state and tax payers are having to pay to house these offenders indefinitely."

Tags:prisons, law, enforcement, inmates, rehabilitation

Abstract
This essay presents an analysis of the book namely "Mid-Course Correction: Toward a Sustainable Enterprise: The Interface Model" by Ray C. Anderson. The paper explains the Sustainable Enterprise Movement and how the price of the market place creates negative effects and costs for the environment. It also explains different types of technologies that should be developed for a more successful future according to Anderson and based on the idea of natural capitalism.

Outline

I. Introduction
II. Sustainable Enterprise Movement
III. Natural Capitalism
IV. Conclusion

From the Paper
"Ecologically neutral means taking nothing from and adding nothing to the environment. This concept has become a popular one in Europe beginning in Sweden, in the form of The Natural Step, but has been much more slowly adopted in the United States. Individuals interested in understanding the processes by which a company can pursue improved environmental performance will find many helpful examples in Mid-Course Correction. First, it is much cheaper to produce goods and services if you use fewer materials and waste less. This means higher profits. Every successful business tends to care about rising profits. Second, the pursuit of sustainability attracts many new customers and better supplier relationships."

Tags:natural, step, environment, ITS, technology

Abstract
This paper explains an inductive assessment method employing ethnographic/oral history approaches more than conventional applied psychology/criminology methods. The references pertain to collaborative methods, emphasis on the individual informant's comment as harvested after a 10-day VM course, 1 month after, and after 6 months, involving addiction/mental health troubles and inmate suggestions for perhaps adapted programming.

From the Paper
"To date, exploration of Vipassana Meditation and its suitability shown in non-Western and then Western prison populations has focused on its adaptability for a Canadian federal penitentiary setting. The nature and origins of Vipassana Meditation as an adjunct of Theravada Buddhism have been explored, its adoption by India's different state prisons and in the well known and much studied New Delhi Tihar Jail experiment. Vipassana Meditation is extremely helpful to inmates suffering from addictions ..."

Tags:method, inductive, exploration

Abstract
This paper discusses how the prison industry has become a growth industry. It explains that there has been an explosive increase in the inmate population, along with a corresponding increase in facilities. In terms of public health, this means that there are more individuals with major medical problems in confined spaces, and that there are serious prevention and treatment needs. This paper focuses on the situation in the Milwaukee County House of Corrections located in Franklin, Wisconsin in order to discover some of the problems there, and then devises a plan for an intervention from a public health perspective.

From the Paper
"For Dubik-Unruh (1999), one answer is to use nurses' knowledge and access to the prison population to influence prison policy toward the development and implementation of more educational and prevention programs for both prisoners and staff. She noted that nurses can serve as advocates for prisoners, since they are more likely to gain the trust of the prisoners than corrections staff and also likely to retain the trust of prison officials, because of their education and status."

Tags:prison, medical, prisoners

Abstract
In this article, the writer reviews the high recidivism rates in the United States and looks at what this says about the nations' correctional system. Specifically, the paper argues that the emphasis has too often been upon punishment and not nearly enough upon rehabilitation and re-integration. As a result, the writer maintains that a distressingly low number of inmates are receiving the therapeutic intervention they need and many more are not receiving the skills development they need, either. This must change if recidivism is to drop appreciably.

From the Paper
"Recidivism among those exiting the United States correctional system is a serious problem for a host of reasons. For one thing, if the state has devoted billions of dollars towards cutting down crime rates by incarcerating dangerous offenders only to have those same individuals re-offend upon release, then the monies set towards housing them in institutions has been, for all intents and purposes, wasted. Furthermore, high recidivism rates (especially among violent offenders) means greater risk for the general public and that means fear, general misunderstanding, and an overwhelmingly negative public perception of the correctional system in the United States. Unfortunately, public fears about the relative inefficacy of the correctional system appear to be well-founded in America."

Tags:rehabilitation, offenders, delinquents, treatment

Abstract
This paper examines four of the most common methods used today for criminal corrections, also known as the goals of criminal law. These are retribution, deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation. The paper concludes by selecting one of these methods as a representative of the best way to fight criminal behavior, one that will yield the highest benefits for society as a whole.

From the Paper
"However, this report also declares that "to discuss imprisonment while excluding incapacitation as one of its purposes would be absurd" ("Incapacitation and Deterrence," Internet). Incapacitation is similar in some ways to retribution, for when a criminal is placed in jail or prison, they are incapacitated in the respect that they cannot leave to commit other crimes. Yet when a prison sentence is over, the criminal/felon is allowed to leave his/her confinement which opens the door to more criminal activity, unless of course the prisoner is radically incapacitated by having legs removed or being blinded."

Tags:criminologists, psychologists, law, legal, officials, criminal, rehabilitation, retribution, punishment

Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of sick leave abuse, personnel policies regarding sick leave and abuse prevention. Sick leave and its abuses are a huge managerial issue. Sick leave abuse causes problems for employers, coworkers and anyone else affected by the worker's absence. Policies must be written to define sick leave and to give consequences to those who abuse sick leave. The paper reviews many articles and books on these issuess in order to analyze each one in detail.

Outline:
Table of Contents
Introduction
Discussion of Findings
Recommendations
Conclusions and Summary
References
Appendix A
Appendix B

From the Paper
"There are many issues surrounding the subject of sick leave. I will start with the definition of sick leave. Sick leave is time that an employer gives an employee off, with pay, for doctor's appointments and illnesses. The actual amount of time varies from company to company and some businesses have stricter rules about its use than others; Some businesses do not offer sick leave at all. Smith (2001) states "Sick leave is a necessary benefit for all employees. If an employer did not offer sick leave, they would accelerate health problems and the spread of illnesses, thereby lowering productivity and morale" (p. 1). But there are some people that work and do not receive sick leave, most of which are employees at small businesses. My husband has worked for almost twenty years and as never been offered sick leave. To those without sick leave, sick leave is a privilege. Is sick leave a privilege or a right of an employee? By finding the answer to that question, you develop your mode of thinking on the subject. There are generally two views about sick leave: 1) that it is a benefit that is offered so that your paycheck isn't short when you catch the flu and need time to rest, or for doctor appointments for your immediate family or yourself, to be used only if you need it or 2) that it is time you earned and it is yours and you can use it for whatever purposes you want."

Tags:management, supervisors, illnesses