Abstract
This paper explores the issues and history of corporate taxation. Corporations are taxed at a rate depending on their income. This paper discusses the pros and cons of dropping the corporate tax, the methods which can be used to drop or lower corporate taxes and why. The paper includes charts and statistics concerning corporate taxes.

Table of Contents

I. The Beginning of Corporate Income Tax
II. The 1986 Tax Reform Act
III. How Does Taxes Affect Business
IV. Corporate Tax Rates
V. Decline of the Corporate Income Tax
VI. Why the Wide Range Between State and Corporate Taxes
VII. How Does Corporate Tax Work with Multi-state Manufacturers?
VIII. Does the Corporate Tax Help
IX. Proposals of Corporate Income Tax
X. Need of Stimulus
XI. Future Research Concerning Corporate Taxes
XII. Conclusions
XIII. Works Cited

From the Paper
"Where did the corporate income tax begin? How does it affect our economy? What is the future of the corporate income tax? Will deleting corporate income tax be the answer for the economy? What about cutting part of this tax? How does the corporate income tax help the economy? These are questions that will be answered in this paper as well as how the corporate tax is affecting our economy now.
The Beginning of Corporate Income Tax

"How the corporate tax began is an example of why tax systems can be worse than they should be and how little influence the economic profession has on government policy (Norton 2). Sometimes ideals look great when they are not that sound. Corporate taxes were used during wartime until 1909, when Congress enacted a 1 percent tax on corporation income. The rate increased until 1932 to 12.5 percent when the rate was changed to the progressive rates. Norton stated, "Surtaxes on corporate income were added for "excess profits" during both world wars. The highest peacetime rate, 52.8 percent, was reached in the sixties" (2). "

Tags:corp, taxation, corporations, income, tax, reform, 1986, business, rate, decline, states, multi-state, manufacturers, stimulus

Abstract
This paper examines the elements that promote and discourage responsible corporate governance. Additionally, the paper cites the need for new banking regulations and corporate governance standards. This is further addressed by looking at several components of the modern business environment, such as the role of corporate governance, the need for transparent internal control and transparent reporting, accounting disasters, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the transition from ISO to IFRS or the corporate culture and the internal audit process within economic entities. Each of these issues is dealt with in-depth within the text. The paper also includes a list of the actual processes involved in an internal audit which promotes reliable and transparent reporting and a detail discussion of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which regulates the US the securities market . The paper concludes by noting corporate scandals which have resulted in the creation and implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the transition to the International Financial Reporting Standards.

Outline:

Introduction
The Role of Corporate Governance in Modern Business
Reliable and Transparent Control and Reporting
Corporate Governance and Accounting Disasters
Effects of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
The Transition to IFRS
Corporate Culture and the Audit Process
Concluding Remarks

From the Paper
"The twentieth and twenty-first centuries have been filled with cases of corporate fraud, which led to millions of people being negatively affected. Some of the most notorious such situations were encountered at Enron, WorldCom and more recently, Societe Generale. The contemporaneous financial crisis, present at an international level, is increasing the pressure upon corporate players and the temptations to become engaged in illicit actions in order to salvage the company. The means of conducting such operations have become improved throughout the years, and when combined with the still ambiguous legislation, generate a need for more efficient standards to regulate corporate governance..."

Tags:Sarbanes-Oxley Act, corporate scandals, Enron, corporate culture

Abstract
This paper examines business ethics by discussing the emphasis of ethical leadership in modern corporations, and the methods corporations use to deter internal fraud. The paper points out that today's corporations realize practicing good ethics is as important in our professional lives as our personal lives and are placing a great emphasis on ethics training. Then the paper explores the impact of corporate fraud and how training in ethical leadership will hopefully prove successful in preempting such scandals. Additionally, the paper addresses how corporations realize the value in partnering with other companies in compliance with regulations and actively practicing good personal and business ethics. Various legislative acts, such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which assists in accounting practices, are described as fraud preventative measures. The paper concludes by stating that corporate leadership must take responsibility for ethical practices, since they guide by example with their followers possessing the same qualities and values.

Outline:
Ethics
Solving Corporate Fraud
Corporate Fraud
Ethical Leadership
The Importance of Ethics Training
Ethics Training's Responsibility
Codes of Ethics
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Corporate Social Responsibility
Conclusion

From the Paper
"If in fact practicing business ethics was a natural human condition and the solution to internal corporate fraud; modern corporations would not need to place a high emphasis on business ethics. The fact is; some past corporations appeared to fail the importance of understanding the practice of business ethics; or they blatantly disregarded complying with ethics regulations. In some cases only a few individuals committed ethics violations yet their fellow employees and entire corporations were destroyed. According to Mallor (2010) we all make mistakes, unfortunately, corporate mistakes are on a much larger scale and affect many others..."

Tags:codes of ethics, SOX, CSR, corporate ethics, ethics training

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that as multinational corporations engage in global business transactions it is evident there is a need for business ethics. This paper examines business ethics by discussing its emphasis in modern corporations and defining the methods corporations use to deter internal fraud. The writer discusses that corporations are realizing ethical leadership, codes of ethics, as well as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX), and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are all relevant in combating ethics violations. The writer concludes that no matter how demanding leadership becomes, business ethics is no different than personal ethics and leaders must always do the right thing because their choices always affect someone else.

Outline:
Ethics
Solving Corporate Fraud
Corporate Fraud
Ethical Leadership
The Importance of Ethics Training
Who is in Charge of Ethics Training?
Codes of Ethics
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Corporate Social Responsibility
Conclusion

From the Paper
"If in fact practicing business ethics was a natural human condition and the solution to internal corporate fraud; modern corporations would not need to place a high emphasis on business ethics. The fact is; some past corporations appeared to fail the importance of understanding the practice of business ethics; or they blatantly disregarded complying with ethics regulations. In some cases only a few individuals committed ethics violations yet their fellow employees and entire corporations were destroyed. According to Mallor we all make mistakes, unfortunately, corporate mistakes are on a much larger scale and affect many others. Today's corporations realize practicing good ethics is as important in our professional lives as our personal lives, and are placing a great emphasis on ethics training. It is unfortunate that corporate fraud created the need for ethics training to become a staple in today's human resource training, however; due to recent corporate scandals, corporations want their leaders understanding, practicing, and training business ethics. "

Tags:corporate, fraud, sox, ethical, leadership, codes, of, ethics

Abstract
This paper takes a look at corporate environmental crimes, in particularly, corporate deforestation practices. The author examines the nature and causes of corporate deforestation within the framework of eco-critical theory as well as addresses various efforts, primarily through activism and legal policies, to stop corporate deforestation practices. The paper concludes with a discussion of the degree to which these interventions have been successful.

Outline:
Introduction
Corporate Deforestation and Eco-Critical Theory
Interventions to Corporate Deforestation Practices
Effectiveness of Interventions to Corporate Deforestation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Although criminology includes the study of corporate crime and environmental crimes and has, on occasion, explored the linkages between the two (e.g., Simon, 2000), it has neglected to explicate this relationship within the context of violent criminality. Indeed, much environmental crime should be considered violent. It involves direct acts of destruction to victims (e.g., forests, soil, water). It also involves the death, not only of the primary victim, but of numerous other victims, as well, including human beings, individual animals and plants, species, and entire ecosystems (site)."

Tags:corporate deforestation practices, eco-critical theory, criminology, environmental crime and justice

Abstract
In this article, the writer critically evaluates the key success factors that corporations that are successfully managing corporate entrepreneurship programs have in common as well as which factors vary. The writer addresses the issue of how competitors to companies who have successfully put corporate entrepreneurship programs into place attempt to create comparable entrepreneurial climates and copy processes proven to be successful. Four companies who have successfully used corporate entrepreneurship programs are used as the basis of this analysis.

Outline:
Executive Summary
Introducing IBM's Emerging Business Opportunity (EBO) Unit
Nokia's Approach to Corporate Entrepreneurship
Toshiba's Unorthodox Laptop Journey
Trilogy Software and the Indian Corporate Entrepreneurship Connection
Summary
References

From the Paper
"The EBO process within IBM quickly became one that had three parameters associated with project progress. These include project-based milestones, financials, and assessments of the specific business' maturity. As IBM's culture is heavily focused on metrics of performance, additional milestones included market acceptance including the number of customer pilots, customer references and design-ins, mentions by key industry analysts, product development checkpoints, internal execution, and software vendor partnerships. EBO-based initiatives also were staffed with the most senior members of the management team, and while these seasoned veterans complained they felt they were being actually demoted, in fact EBO leadership gave them the opportunity to gain a higher level of visibility than was the case before."

Tags:IBM, success, programs, corporations

Abstract
The paper examines the term 'corporate governance', the authoritative bodies on corporate governance and the history and aims of corporate governance. The paper looks at the differences between corporate governance in privately held or publicly listed companies and in companies owned by the state. The paper then focuses on the Caribbean and finds that Trinidad has yet to establish a unified corporate governance movement. However, the paper points out that it is moving in the right direction in implementing ethical oversight and corporate governance principles and procedures. A figure is included in the paper.

From the Paper
"The work of Gary Herrigel (2006) entitled: "Corporate Governance: History without Historians" states that the history of corporate governance arrangements "understood as the constitutive processes shaping the relationship between ownership and management of enterprises, is a relatively new field of inquiry for business historians. Indeed most of the recent historiography has been written by non-historians (especially economists and legal scholars) concerned with tracing the roots of contemporary corporate governance regimes."
"The largest part of the literature on corporate governance is of the nature that has its focus on "the origins of dispersed (Anglo-American) and concentrated ownership systems together with the financial and political factors that shaped different development paths. The arguments advanced by these scholars and the debates they have generated are highly stimulating..." (Herrigel, 2006) The literature is stated to underscore "the centrality of corporate governance not only for understanding the historical dynamics of firm performance and economic development, but also for understanding the co-evolution of the corporation with modern ideas of political and legal order." (Herrigel, 2006)
"Five corporate governance regimes are reviewed in the work of Herrigel (2006) who states that discussions of corporate governance in contemporary times "focus on relations between ownership and management within joint-stock, limited-liability, publicly-held, predominantly large-scale enterprises." Herrigel states that the literature in this area of study has "generated two ideal-typical property systems, based on concentrated and dispersed ownership respectively." (2006)"

Tags:corporations, privatization, shareholders, stockholders, management, directors

Abstract
This paper presents the identification and analysis of corporate governance issues at Alltel corporation. It describes the company and defines elements of corporate governance. The paper concludes that the company is guilty of the appearance of inproprieties. It recommends the company should adopt a policy of not funding unregulated business operations from the earnings of regulated business operations, and eliminate the requirement for a mandatory equity position for the Board of Directors.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to analyze relevant corporate governance issues at Alltel Corporation. This executive summary provides description of the company as well as providing a ..."

Tags:Corporate, Governance, Disclosure

Abstract
This essay will discuss the competing claims of both the stockholder and the stakeholder approaches to corporate social responsibility. An explanation for corporate social responsibility will be provided and arguments will be put forward for similarities and differences in the stockholder and stakeholder approaches to this movement. Evidence to support these arguments will be provided throughout the essay.

From the paper:

"Before discussing the competing claims, it must be understood what is meant by the term corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility is just one aspect of business ethics and has become increasingly important for companies operating in the global economy. It is a fast developing and increasingly competitive field. There is no single, commonly accepted definition of corporate social responsibility but it generally refers to the idea that businesses are accountable for the effects of their actions on the community and should seek socially and economically beneficial results. It involves operating a business in a way that meets ethical and legal standards as well as meeting public expectation. Decisions taken by managers need to satisfy the needs of the community and companies must be accountable for the way in which their results are achieved."

Tags:corporate, drucker, friedman, responsibility, shareholder, social, stakeholder, stockholder

Abstract
Schools claim that children are protected from abuse. Studies of stress symptoms resulting from corporal punishment in schools evidence short and long term psychological damage. Academically, corporal punishment has the distinct effect of reducing the self-esteem of a child. Socially, the child victim of corporal punishment experiences a multiplicity of effects. Spanking and other forms of corporal punishment of children may paradoxically cause an increase in antisocial behavior. The behavior problems associated with corporal are not confined to aggression and other anti-social behaviors by children.

Tags:corporal, punishment, schools