Abstract In the present day, modern world, corporateownership of professional sports teams and the venues in which they play seem to be locked in a permanent union. Some would even argue that this merger is essential, as professional sports have become so expensive that many would argue they could not survive without commercial sponsorship. This paper considers whether this relationship is really beneficial, or whether it's just another way for corporate owners to make more money.
Abstract This paper explains that there are three types of business ownerships: sole proprietorship, partnership and a corporation; and then takes a look at what is required of a business manager in any type of business. The paper describes the major components of a business, detailing the many and varied responsibilities of the business manager and how they relate to these components. The paper also points out that one of the roles of the business manager involves being responsible for important decisions.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Forms of Business Ownership Proprietorship
Partnership
The Corporation Major Components of a Business
Production
Marketing
Finance
Forecasting
Personnel Management
The Task of Management
Administration and Organization
Control
Relations with Government
Conclusion
From the Paper "The major advantage of the corporate form of ownership is that investors can limit their personal liability to the amount of money they have invested. If the corporation goes bankrupt [5], they can lose no more than they have put in. Another advantage is that money to run the business is usually obtained by the sale of stock, or ownership, to the general public; this makes raising money for operations easier and enables the corporation to exist independently of its owners. Corporations also find it easier to borrow money. Perhaps most important, the size of most corporations allows them to hire professional managers or administrators to run them."
Abstract This paper examines how choosing the optimal form of business organization is a very crucial decision and how there are various factors that are to be considered in making this decision. It looks at how some of these factors include profit sharing, liability issues, taxation, etc., and in particular, how the issue of liability is important and can be the major decision factor in choosing an ownership form. The three basic types of business organizations include sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. It analyzes the pros and cons of each type of business ownership, as well as the various steps needed to fund the expansion of a business by choosing an optimal form of ownership.
From the Paper "Corporations also have disadvantages compared to proprietorships and partnerships when it comes to taxation. Since the corporation and the stockholders are considered to be two different legal entities, they face the problem of double taxation, meaning that the owners are taxed twice. If an owner of a corporation works for the corporation, he is paid a salary, and possibly bonuses, like any other employee. He pays taxes on this income, as do regular employees, reporting and paying the tax on his personal tax return. The corporation also pays taxes on whatever profits are left in the businesses after paying out all salaries, bonuses, overhead and other expenses. Another issue that some might take as a disadvantage to corporations is that the stockholders are not actually owners considering the fact that they are not the decision makers, rather the management is the one that owns the corporation as they have all the decision making power."
Abstract An overview of the Nehemiah Corporation of California. The author explains that this corporation is the largest privately-funded down payment assistance program for affordable home ownership. This essay examines the purpose of this corporation, when it was developed and how it operates.
From the Paper "The purpose of the Nehemiah Corporation of California"named from a Biblical story in which Jerusalem was rebuilt"is to provide affordable income to people. "Don Harris the founder of the Nehemiah Corporation of California, started this program at a time when government funds for housing and affordable housing programs were disappearing throughout our nation, and along with them, the American Dream of affordable home ownership. Now, The Nehemiah Program? is the largest privately-funded down payment assistance program in the nation. Since 1997, The Nehemiah Program? has assisted over 97,000 homebuyers to become homeowners nationwide." (Broder). Harris is a real estate lawyer who was approached by the owner of a 120-unit townhouse complex, annoyed that most of his prospective tenants couldn?t afford to pay the down payment required for the homes. Harris then researched FHA and IRS regulations to learn that it was legal for a family member or a non-profit organization to donate money for down payments to qualified buyers."
Abstract This paper points out the necessity of exploring the effectiveness of current corporate government in China. The paper explores the problems that currently exist and their effects on the economy. The paper aims to be a solution-based research that seeks to make recommendations as to legislation and internal control mechanisms that will be useful in maintaining acceptable standards of corporate governance in China's future.
Outline:
Literature Review
Corporate Governance and Valuation
State vs. Private Ownership Investor Protection
Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper "The literature review revealed that some attention has been paid to corporate governance and its effects on competitiveness and firm trustworthiness as far as investors are concerned. However, it also revealed that regionalization due to an inferior infrastructure plays a significant role in the inability to apply uniform laws. Several important factors were revealed that may serve as metrics for the current study. For instance, executive salaries were found to be directly linked to firm performance in state-owned enterprises. A significant difference exists between private enterprise and state-owned enterprise. This will have to be addressed as well. Now let us examine an overview of the methodology that will be used to explore these research issues. "
Abstract This paper discusses the relaxation by the Australian authorities of cross-media and foreign ownership laws. The debate seems to balance out as to the number of the pros and cons and the weight of the arguments of each side. However, sifting through the arguments the paper shows that they meet halfway on the need to protect media against excess concentration of power and foreign influence. On these concerns, the Australian government seems to draw lessons from the media liberalization programs of other developed countries, which are allowing cross-media ownership and foreign participation up to more manageable limits and only in specific media areas where activities are calculated to pose lesser risks. The paper concludes that the problem is that, despite these safeguards, people will always look at media deregulation with suspicion and misgiving because of the sensitive nature of this industry.
From the Paper "After Lord Morley left journalism to join government service in the early stages of the development of media in UK, there is an oft-quoted remark made to him by Kennedy Jones, co-founder of the venerable Daily Mail. "You left journalism a profession. We made it a branch of commerce," Jones told Morley. The equally famous rejoinder was: "The more, the pity." One view in effect exults that media has evolved into a business proposition, where profit takes precedence over its traditionally loftier priorities. The other opinion looks with sadness at such commercialization of journalism, implying that this is inimical to public interest.
That pithy exchange from the past captures the essence of the present-day debate in Australia triggered by the government announcement of plans to deregulate media after 20 years of controls on foreign ownership and cross-media transactions. The Morley-Jones clash of views between the public service and business orientation of media deferred to old UK conditions, but the same hairsplitting still rings true today and continues to reverberate throughout the world as economic opportunities diminish and competition for scarce resources tighten up. Since almost all sectors of national economies have been served up for foreign interests in the universal drive to generate much-needed foreign investment, governments in many parts of the world, both developed and underdeveloped, are fixing their attention on the media industry as the last remaining enticement for foreign investors. As Australian Sen. Ron Walker puts it: "Media has become the last major industry begging for reform to bring it to the 21st century." By inference, the senator is batting for a new scheme that would keep Australian media in step with the times by allowing foreign investment into the arena."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the barriers to achieving home ownership in the United States. The writer describes the importance to the majority of Americans that lies in the purchase of a home. The writer also mentions the large expense required for such an investment. In this paper, the writer discusses programs that can help individuals in their dream of buying a home.
From the Paper "The American Dream is associated with home ownership. A primary residence is the most expensive purchase that most Americans make and for most Americans it is also their single largest investment. It is also a long-term investment with home loans typically written for years and there are significant tax benefits and benefits that accrue to the individual, the community and the economy as a whole. Yet for all of its importance to the United States as a nation and for individuals there exist significant ... "
Tags: home ownership, FHA, HUD, housing, housing prices
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that the one concern of all the mass media has been that people should buy products and services. The writer maintains that mass advertising has changed the shape of the media themselves, helping to concentrate ownership. Further the writer claims that the media want people as consumers, and nothing else really matters. It is also discussed that the owners of the media are able to make all the decisions, they also control the information that is received, and they need the public to consume.
From the Paper "Ownership of the media is basically of two kinds. Private ownership means profit, but public ownership means that the government can interfere in the mass media. Also, mead ownership is a matter of conglomeration and concentration. The owners of the media are very rich and they have a great deal of political power. Trends today such as convergence are making it easier for the media to have even more money and power. The one concern of all the mass media has been that people should buy products and services. "Mass advertising has changed the shape of the media themselves, helping to concentrate ownership"."
Abstract This paper explores the issues and history of corporate taxation. Corporations are taxed at a rate depending on their income. This paper discusses the pros and cons of dropping the corporate tax, the methods which can be used to drop or lower corporate taxes and why. The paper includes charts and statistics concerning corporate taxes.
Table of Contents
I. The Beginning of Corporate Income Tax
II. The 1986 Tax Reform Act
III. How Does Taxes Affect Business
IV. Corporate Tax Rates
V. Decline of the Corporate Income Tax
VI. Why the Wide Range Between State and Corporate Taxes
VII. How Does Corporate Tax Work with Multi-state Manufacturers?
VIII. Does the Corporate Tax Help
IX. Proposals of Corporate Income Tax
X. Need of Stimulus
XI. Future Research Concerning Corporate Taxes
XII. Conclusions
XIII. Works Cited
From the Paper "Where did the corporate income tax begin? How does it affect our economy? What is the future of the corporate income tax? Will deleting corporate income tax be the answer for the economy? What about cutting part of this tax? How does the corporate income tax help the economy? These are questions that will be answered in this paper as well as how the corporate tax is affecting our economy now.
The Beginning of Corporate Income Tax
"How the corporate tax began is an example of why tax systems can be worse than they should be and how little influence the economic profession has on government policy (Norton 2). Sometimes ideals look great when they are not that sound. Corporate taxes were used during wartime until 1909, when Congress enacted a 1 percent tax on corporation income. The rate increased until 1932 to 12.5 percent when the rate was changed to the progressive rates. Norton stated, ?Surtaxes on corporate income were added for "excess profits" during both world wars. The highest peacetime rate, 52.8 percent, was reached in the sixties? (2). "
Abstract In this article, the writer critically evaluates the key success factors that corporations that are successfully managing corporate entrepreneurship programs have in common as well as which factors vary. The writer addresses the issue of how competitors to companies who have successfully put corporate entrepreneurship programs into place attempt to create comparable entrepreneurial climates and copy processes proven to be successful. Four companies who have successfully used corporate entrepreneurship programs are used as the basis of this analysis.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Introducing IBM's Emerging Business Opportunity (EBO) Unit
Nokia's Approach to Corporate Entrepreneurship
Toshiba's Unorthodox Laptop Journey
Trilogy Software and the Indian Corporate Entrepreneurship Connection
Summary
References
From the Paper "The EBO process within IBM quickly became one that had three parameters associated with project progress. These include project-based milestones, financials, and assessments of the specific business' maturity. As IBM's culture is heavily focused on metrics of performance, additional milestones included market acceptance including the number of customer pilots, customer references and design-ins, mentions by key industry analysts, product development checkpoints, internal execution, and software vendor partnerships. EBO-based initiatives also were staffed with the most senior members of the management team, and while these seasoned veterans complained they felt they were being actually demoted, in fact EBO leadership gave them the opportunity to gain a higher level of visibility than was the case before."
An assessment of the competing claims of the stockholder stakeholder approaches to corporate social responsibility, and a look at similarities and differences of each type of approach to responsibility.
2,515 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 10 sources, 2001, $ 76.95
Abstract This essay will discuss the competing claims of both the stockholder and the stakeholder approaches to corporate social responsibility. An explanation for corporate social responsibility will be provided and arguments will be put forward for similarities and differences in the stockholder and stakeholder approaches to this movement. Evidence to support these arguments will be provided throughout the essay.
From the paper:
"Before discussing the competing claims, it must be understood what is meant by the term corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility is just one aspect of business ethics and has become increasingly important for companies operating in the global economy. It is a fast developing and increasingly competitive field. There is no single, commonly accepted definition of corporate social responsibility but it generally refers to the idea that businesses are accountable for the effects of their actions on the community and should seek socially and economically beneficial results. It involves operating a business in a way that meets ethical and legal standards as well as meeting public expectation. Decisions taken by managers need to satisfy the needs of the community and companies must be accountable for the way in which their results are achieved."
Abstract This paper presents the identification and analysis of corporate governance issues at Alltel corporation. It describes the company and defines elements of corporate governance. The paper concludes that the company is guilty of the appearance of inproprieties. It recommends the company should adopt a policy of not funding unregulated business operations from the earnings of regulated business operations, and eliminate the requirement for a mandatory equity position for the Board of Directors.
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to analyze relevant corporate governance issues at Alltel Corporation. This executive summary provides description of the company as well as providing a ..."
Abstract The paper discusses the effectiveness of corporate governance in banking and financial systems in Malawi, an African developing economy. The paper begins with a discussion on the history of Malawi combined with a short explanation of its economy and past laws affecting the banking industry. The banking industry in Malawi is then critiqued along with a general discussion of the manner in which banks operate and affect a country's economy. Next, the paper analyzes the larger financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in the context of Malawi's economy. In addition, the available literature on the topic is outlined, broken down into different sections. Furthermore, the paper assesses the effectiveness of corporate governance in Malawi's financial sector and proposes a study for future work. Finally, predicted results of the study are outlined, and well as recommendations for implementing and establishing better guidelines for corporate governance in Malawi's financial services and banking industry.
Outline:
Proposal
Introduction:
Corporate Governance in Malawi
Proposal Conclusion
An Overview of the Role of Commercial Banks
Malawi's Financial Services & Banking System
Literature Review
Public Sector Management
Public Policy Formulation
Decentralization
Corporate Governance
Purpose of the Study & Methodology
Proposed Study Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper "The effectiveness of corporate governance in Malawi's commercial banks is an important issue given the essential role banks play in the financial systems of developing economies and the widespread banking reforms that these economies have implemented. Although the subject of corporate governance in developing economies has recently received a lot of attention in the literature, the effectiveness of corporate governance of banks in Malawi has been almost ignored by researchers. In developed economies, the corporate governance of banks has only recently been discussed in the literature. In order to address this research deficiency, this paper discusses some of the key concepts and issues for the corporate governance of banks in Malawi that can be applied to other developing economies. In many developing economies, the issue of bank corporate governance is complicated by extensive political intervention in the operation of the banking system. Malawi is a low income country where economic development is a priority for a future stable economy. Economic development consists of capacity building, good governance and economic reform. Acquired skills cannot be utilized fully and institutions cannot operate efficiently without good governance; similarly, economic reform cannot be implemented properly without institutions that are functioning well ."
Abstract This paper examines the history of the use of corporal punishment in American education. It look at the traditional use of corporal punishment in American schools and homes since Colonial times. The paper discusses the reasoning, sociopolitical and spiritual factors motivating the use of corporal punishment in schools and describes forms of corporal punishment.
Abstract This paper examines corporate crime and applies conflict theory to this type of crime. Firstly, it defines corporate crime. It then critiques the conflict theory. The paper argues that conflict theory can be used to explain why corporate crime is abundant and why it is not often persecuted. It also discusses, according to conflict theory, why corporate crimes tend to remain under punished.
From the Paper "Most white collar offenders belong to the "white collar class" - in other words, usually privileged, educated, rich (or at least economically middle class) and usually white and viewed in a different light than the more 'common criminals' and hence punished differently. In most cases they can also afford better and more expensive lawyers, which usually leads to lighter sentences. McDermid Gomme (1998) asserts that recidivism rate is quite high for convicted organizations and high-ranking individuals within these organizations. This can easily be explained by minimal penalties these crimes are given, and deterrence is almost non-existent, but rewards and immediate. Indeed, as McDermid Gomme (1998) notes "fines are so small that business executives generally think of them as modest licensing fees" (446)."
