Abstract
In the present day, modern world, corporate ownership of professional sports teams and the venues in which they play seem to be locked in a permanent union. Some would even argue that this merger is essential, as professional sports have become so expensive that many would argue they could not survive without commercial sponsorship. This paper considers whether this relationship is really beneficial, or whether it's just another way for corporate owners to make more money.

Tags:hockey, public, funding

Abstract
This paper points out the necessity of exploring the effectiveness of current corporate government in China. The paper explores the problems that currently exist and their effects on the economy. The paper aims to be a solution-based research that seeks to make recommendations as to legislation and internal control mechanisms that will be useful in maintaining acceptable standards of corporate governance in China's future.

Outline:
Literature Review
Corporate Governance and Valuation
State vs. Private Ownership
Investor Protection
Methodology
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The literature review revealed that some attention has been paid to corporate governance and its effects on competitiveness and firm trustworthiness as far as investors are concerned. However, it also revealed that regionalization due to an inferior infrastructure plays a significant role in the inability to apply uniform laws. Several important factors were revealed that may serve as metrics for the current study. For instance, executive salaries were found to be directly linked to firm performance in state-owned enterprises. A significant difference exists between private enterprise and state-owned enterprise. This will have to be addressed as well. Now let us examine an overview of the methodology that will be used to explore these research issues. "

Tags:global, standards, competition, corporate, trust, Shanghai, stock, markets

Abstract
This paper examines how choosing the optimal form of business organization is a very crucial decision and how there are various factors that are to be considered in making this decision. It looks at how some of these factors include profit sharing, liability issues, taxation, etc., and in particular, how the issue of liability is important and can be the major decision factor in choosing an ownership form. The three basic types of business organizations include sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation. It analyzes the pros and cons of each type of business ownership, as well as the various steps needed to fund the expansion of a business by choosing an optimal form of ownership.

From the Paper
"Corporations also have disadvantages compared to proprietorships and partnerships when it comes to taxation. Since the corporation and the stockholders are considered to be two different legal entities, they face the problem of double taxation, meaning that the owners are taxed twice. If an owner of a corporation works for the corporation, he is paid a salary, and possibly bonuses, like any other employee. He pays taxes on this income, as do regular employees, reporting and paying the tax on his personal tax return. The corporation also pays taxes on whatever profits are left in the businesses after paying out all salaries, bonuses, overhead and other expenses. Another issue that some might take as a disadvantage to corporations is that the stockholders are not actually owners considering the fact that they are not the decision makers, rather the management is the one that owns the corporation as they have all the decision making power."

Tags:sole, proprietorship, partnership, corporation, taxationliability

Abstract
This paper discusses the rules governing foreign ownership in Canada, foreign takeovers and corporate and government positions, according to the opinion of Dominic D'Alessandro of "Manulife Financial." The paper then discusses Canada and the World Trade Organisation, as well as Canadian interests in relation to trade agreements. Finally, the paper focuses on public interest group activity and the issue of foreign ownership in areas of the Canadian economy considered 'sensitive.'

Table of Contents:
The Rules Governing Foreign Ownership in Canada
Canada and the World Trade Organisation
Public Interest Group Activity

From the Paper
"This overall pattern seems to be very promising for those caring about the likelihood of lost Canadian economic sovereignty and the aim of better regulating foreign investment that was ventured by D'Alessandro. In the Council of Canadians, very often associated with the Canadian "left" but actually featuring diverse participants, one finds a way of inducing the public to imagine a future Canada that may appear unless effort is made to question and limit the rate of foreign investment and takeovers in particular sectors of the economy. Given that neo-liberal economic shifts were thrust upon the Canadian public, including the radical departure of the NAFTA, it seems all the more important that public interest groups compel Canadians to consider their future, demand restrictions they may decide should be in place and rather than waiting or hoping for an effective political party to list these concerns."

Tags:WTO, takeover, investment

Abstract
This paper explores corporate governance, particularly relating to CEO overcompensation. Executive compensation is of great importance, the paper explains, because the goals of executives and shareholders should be aligned by resorting to executive share ownership, and it affects compensation levels throughout the whole organization, from top to bottom. The paper notes that in response to the focus on executive compensations, many companies have adopted cutting edge approaches, including caps to several compensation methods and limitations in executive pay. The paper also discusses long-term incentives and questions whether executive compensation should be linked to company performance. This paper contains illustrative charts.

Outline:
Definition of the Topic
Why Is It Important?
What Is the Current Environment/Landscape?
What Are the Implications for Managers?
How Can This Be Resolved?
References

From the Paper
"Linking CEO remuneration to company performance is quite a controversial topic and has been building up in the last 30 years. A study made by The Corporate Library (2007) highlights twelve of the largest corporations in US, which are characterized by high executive compensation and poor performance over a five-year period. During this whole period, the corporations paid out $865 million to their CEOs who in turn lost about $640 billion in shareholder value. The corporations mentioned in this study include: AT&T, BellSouth, Hewlett-Packard, Home Depot, Lucent Technologies, Merck, Pfizer, Safeway, Time Warner, Verizon Communications and Wal-Mart Stores.
Each of these companies paid its CEO at least $15 million in the two fiscal years available, had a poor performance compared to their competition and had a negative return on stockholders over the studied period."

Tags:United, Health, Coca-Cola, CEO

Abstract
This paper explains that there are three types of business ownerships: sole proprietorship, partnership and a corporation; and then takes a look at what is required of a business manager in any type of business. The paper describes the major components of a business, detailing the many and varied responsibilities of the business manager and how they relate to these components. The paper also points out that one of the roles of the business manager involves being responsible for important decisions.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Forms of Business Ownership
Proprietorship
Partnership
The Corporation
Major Components of a Business
Production
Marketing
Finance
Forecasting
Personnel Management
The Task of Management
Administration and Organization
Control
Relations with Government
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The major advantage of the corporate form of ownership is that investors can limit their personal liability to the amount of money they have invested. If the corporation goes bankrupt [5], they can lose no more than they have put in. Another advantage is that money to run the business is usually obtained by the sale of stock, or ownership, to the general public; this makes raising money for operations easier and enables the corporation to exist independently of its owners. Corporations also find it easier to borrow money. Perhaps most important, the size of most corporations allows them to hire professional managers or administrators to run them."

Tags:running, business, micro-business, large, corporation, capitalist, profit, satisfy, customer, regulations, government, agencies

Abstract
This paper focuses primarily on the overall context of corporate governance within the dynamics of Australia as well as the overall division of power in Australian companies amongst the corporate managers, directors, owners and shareholders. The paper also presents an overview of the relationships as presented in the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) Corporate Governance Council 'Principles of Good Corporate Governance. The paper concludes by presenting an original table illustrating the impact of corporate governance on the functioning of public and private companies. The author includes other several tables.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Significance of Corporate Governance in Australia
Australia and Corporate Governance
A Structure for Realizing Corporate Governance in Australia
Australia and Corporate Governance: Overview of Last Forty Years
Share Percentage Given to Individuals and Companies (1952 and 1995)
Ownership Focus in Specific Australian Companies
Shares Percentages Held by Directors, 1952-1975
Observing the Trends in Australian Companies: Board Size and Block-holders
Conclusion
Corporate Governance and Its Impact on the Functioning of Public and Private Sector Companies

From the Paper
"The modern setup of corporate governance was first documented in London at the 1992 Stock Exchange and was called the Cadbury Code of Practice. The OECD was the next most prominent code that cam out in 1997-99 regarding the practice and application of corporate governance which was globally accepted and adopted as well as supported by the World Bank and Asian development bank. The main incident in the 20th century that sparked the interest in the phenomenon and importance of corporate governance was the financial breakdown that Asia faced in 1998."

Tags:system, primary goal, illegitimate shareholders responsibilities

Abstract
This paper provides a critical examination and analysis of the use of business aircraft for corporate travelers. The discussion focuses upon the financial impact owning and operating extremely expensive business aircraft have on a business entity's bottom line. The paper notes, however, that as important as the high costs of such a course are, isolated economic factors are not all that have to be considered by corporations when weighing the positive and negative aspects of corporate aircraft ownership. The great expense involved in owning a business aircraft must be measured against the alternatives, which frequently incur the loss of valuable CEO time, decreased corporate privacy while in flight, increased schedule complications, limited airport access, decreased safety, and the loss of prestige involved in flying commercial carriers such as Air Yak when competitors are globe-trotting in their own thirty-eight million dollar Gulfstream V's.

Abstract
An overview of the Nehemiah Corporation of California. The author explains that this corporation is the largest privately-funded down payment assistance program for affordable home ownership. This essay examines the purpose of this corporation, when it was developed and how it operates.

From the Paper
"The purpose of the Nehemiah Corporation of California named from a Biblical story in which Jerusalem was rebuilt is to provide affordable income to people. "Don Harris the founder of the Nehemiah Corporation of California, started this program at a time when government funds for housing and affordable housing programs were disappearing throughout our nation, and along with them, the American Dream of affordable home ownership. Now, The Nehemiah Program is the largest privately-funded down payment assistance program in the nation. Since 1997, The Nehemiah Program has assisted over 97,000 homebuyers to become homeowners nationwide." (Broder). Harris is a real estate lawyer who was approached by the owner of a 120-unit townhouse complex, annoyed that most of his prospective tenants couldn't afford to pay the down payment required for the homes. Harris then researched FHA and IRS regulations to learn that it was legal for a family member or a non-profit organization to donate money for down payments to qualified buyers."

Tags:assistance, down, payment, housing, afford, ownership, funding, private, finance

Abstract
This paper draws the analogy that corporations are like automobiles, in that both exist to move people and goods and both fuel the economy. The writer maintains that corporations create automobiles to fuel the economy, but they also create other "tools" to reach the same goal, such as professionals and financial products. The writer further explains that, like the automobile, the organization is built from different parts: top, middle and low management. The writer points out that automobiles are built from parts as well: engine, wheels, carburetor and each part has its function. The writer concludes that corporations exist because they deliver better results by being more efficient in moving the people and the goods involved in the value creating process. They are also the most suitable ownership type given the diversity of investing options nowadays.
This paper includes color charts and graphs.

Outline:
Corporations and Organizations
Automobiles
Why do Corporations and Organizations Exist?

From the Paper
"The governance mechanism as described by Williamson is based on transaction costs. Basically, these ones dictate whether transactions are made through markets or by internalizing activities. Market-based transactions are subject to uncertainty, which generate transaction costs, whereas hierarchies generate higher costs associating with controlling a wider range of activities. The central piece of his theory is the asset specificity. The higher the specificity of a company's assets is, the more agents are likely to behave opportunistically, which is an incentive for the company to internalize activities along the value chain to protect its assets.
"The traditional contract theory of the firm has recently been enriched with a more recent type of contacts: relational contract. This latest contribution suggests that each party behave in such a manner to reach the other party's expectations and the behavior is maintained by fear of retaliation of the other party(ies)."

Tags:transaction, organization, results, cost