Abstract This paper examines the history of the use of corporal punishment in American education. It look at the traditional use of corporal punishment in American schools and homes since Colonial times. The paper discusses the reasoning, sociopolitical and spiritual factors motivating the use of corporal punishment in schools and describes forms of corporal punishment.
Abstract This paper is a case study of self design at American Healthways Corporation. This includes a brief summary of the chapter including information that relates to the case, a summary of the case, an analysis of the case using the information in the chapter and finally comments and recommendations.
From the Paper "This paper discusses organizational transformation. Chapter ? deals with this topic in detail. The chapter provides insights about what triggers the need for change and discusses the nature of change in an organization. There is a discussion about the fact that change often involves paradigm shifts and that change usually must be driven by both senior management and line managers. This chapter emphasizes that organizational change also encompasses cultural change and that the two changes combined result in greater organizational effectiveness."
Tags:American Healthways Corproation case study, organizational change management process, change agent and champions, self designing process
Abstract This paper explores the changes in corporate compliance brought about by the enactment of The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The paper relates that both of these comprehensive legislative initiatives were brought about by infamous events in AmericanCorporate history, and were aimed at preventing such corporate transgressions in the future. They brought personal liability for the actions of the corporation to its directors, officers and management.
From the Paper "The corporate veil was a thick impenetrable barrier that protected Officers, Directors, Management and shareholders from personal liability from the acts of the corporation. The immunity granted by the legislative progenitors of these modern day immortals are now chipping away at the corporate shield, and have created large holes where the long arms of personal liability can now reach. As with all things political, seminal events brought about these fundamental changes in corporate law. The pollution scandal of Love Canal brought about The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), among other provisions brought about criminal liability to Officers and Management for willful violations (Darragh, 1997, n.p.). The corporate financial scandals associated with the "Dot Bomb" era of the late 1990's resulted in the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, establishing personal liability to the corporate officers in the reporting of financial data to the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) (Hein, Neimeth, Rosner & Watts, 2002, n.p.). The spectacular misdeeds of a very few in the corporate world brought about increase personal liability and risk to those that run corporations in America."
Abstract A comparison of the tax systems of four different countries to the American tax system - South Africa, Mexico, Hong Kong, and New Zealand. The paper explains the American tax system and then analyzes the systems of these other four countries. It concludes with an overview of the country which is seems to the fairest to both individuals and corporations.
From the Paper "Hong Kong has a Schedular system of taxation. 0;The tax burden is light and the system is simple; (Taxation in Hong Kong) In this system the only types of income that are taxable are: salaries, profits, and property tax. This system of taxation differs from that of the United States in that 1. The system is simple and easy to understand. 2.Personal income tax rates are among the lowest in the world with a cap of 15%. 3. Corporations are only taxed at a flat rate of 16.5% and capitals gains and dividends received by another Hong Kong corporation are not taxed. 4. It does not have a worldwide tax on income."
Tags: Individual Income Tax Corporate Income Personal Tax GST taxes sout africa, mexico hong kong new zealand
Abstract William Jackson, in his book "A History of the United States Between the Civil War and 1900" notes, "as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of America westward and beyond, the influence of the corporations continue today and sheds light on an ever-growing domestic travesty". The paper shows that in the decades between 1860 and 1900, the United States underwent numerous social and political changes brought about by the devastating consequences of the Civil War, the great westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River, the development of class structures in American cities and especially the developments that resulted from the Industrial Revolution. The paper shows that all of these together not only altered the entire face of American society but also helped to make the country one of the most important and powerful nations in the western hemisphere.
From the Paper "But by the middle of the 19th century, agriculture began to take on a brand-new meaning, for many farmers saw the potential in growing larger crops as surplus or even by specializing in certain cash crops, such as cotton and tobacco, which could be sold at market for high profits. The increasing demand for cotton by the textile mills of Great Britain furthered the need for machinery and brought about a huge demand for new inventions which literally created the rise of the American South as a major exporter of many other cash crops, such as sugar, rice, linen flax and especially hemp for rope fiber, clothing and numerous other dry goods. In the regions of the Northeast, the explosive growth of cities and towns centered around mills created an enormous demand for hogs, cattle, sheep, corn, wheat, wool, butter, milk, cheese, fruits and vegetables and fodder to feed horses, the primary mode of transportation up until the expansion of the railroads into all areas of the country."
Abstract This paper examines what barriers still exist, if any, to the advancement of women within the executive tiers of the American work force. The paper explores the effects and issues related to the promotion and use of women and their skills in the American work force. The paper intends to discover whether organizational systems are using their female work forces to their fullest potential. The paper will also examines the common views and perceptions of female leaders vs. male leaders within corporations encompassing several different industries.
From the Paper "The lack of advancement of women in management within the corporate world is a continuing problem among companies large and small. Several studies examined support the notion that though women are successful in business, they still face traditional stereotypes and obstacles to advancement at the highest levels of organizations (Eagly & Johannasen-Schmidt, 2001). Though women are entering the business world in greater numbers but barriers still exist to their advancement in the structure of work organizations, the structure of the educational and economic systems, and in the social order. Many studies conducted of discrimination and related topics in the workplace are still very recent, indicating that a problem still exists for women in the workforce."
Abstract This paper is a strategic audit of American Airlines, using financial reports for 2001 for the AMR corporation. The paper examines the impact of 9/11. The paper deals with problem identification, sub-problem identification, internal and external strategic analysis, four alternatives to solve the problem and finally, selecting the most appropriate and creating an execution plan for the strategy chosen.
From the Paper "With the exception of a few carriers such as Southwest Airlines, many of America's airlines have been losing significant amounts of money. According to AMR, filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission in fiscal year ?, American Airlines parent company, AMR, reported a net loss of billions on total revenues of ? billion. AMR's net loss was ? percent meaning the airline lost ? cents for every dollar of revenue for the year."
Tags: Strategic Audit, American Airlines, AMR, SEC, 10-k, terrorist attack, 911, Southwest Airlines, Bankruptcy. financial reports for 2001, Problem identification, sub-problem identification, internal and external strategic analysis, SWOT analysis, 4 alternati
Abstract This paper examines two scholarly writings - : Neil Fligstein, (1987) "The Intro-organizational Power Struggle" and Gerald F. Davis, Kristina A. Diekmann, and Catherine H. Tinsley. 1994. ?The Decline and Fall of the Conglomerate Firm in the 1980s". These articles are compared for their theories on the changes occurring in corporate America and which factors are responsible for these changes. It examines how these changes might have predicted the economic crisis of today.
From the Paper "In Fligstein (1987) the history of corporate structure in America is addressed. During the early portion of the century, it was possible for the right person to be promoted from manufacturing into management. In the middle decades of the century, control of large firms fell on sales and marketing personnel. However, in the past 25 years, we have seen another shift, finance people now control large corporations. These changes were brought about by changes in organizational structure, anti-trust laws, and an increase in mergers since the end of World War II (Fligstein, 1987)."
Abstract This paper explores the issues and history of corporate taxation. Corporations are taxed at a rate depending on their income. This paper discusses the pros and cons of dropping the corporate tax, the methods which can be used to drop or lower corporate taxes and why. The paper includes charts and statistics concerning corporate taxes.
Table of Contents
I. The Beginning of Corporate Income Tax
II. The 1986 Tax Reform Act
III. How Does Taxes Affect Business
IV. Corporate Tax Rates
V. Decline of the Corporate Income Tax
VI. Why the Wide Range Between State and Corporate Taxes
VII. How Does Corporate Tax Work with Multi-state Manufacturers?
VIII. Does the Corporate Tax Help
IX. Proposals of Corporate Income Tax
X. Need of Stimulus
XI. Future Research Concerning Corporate Taxes
XII. Conclusions
XIII. Works Cited
From the Paper "Where did the corporate income tax begin? How does it affect our economy? What is the future of the corporate income tax? Will deleting corporate income tax be the answer for the economy? What about cutting part of this tax? How does the corporate income tax help the economy? These are questions that will be answered in this paper as well as how the corporate tax is affecting our economy now.
The Beginning of Corporate Income Tax
"How the corporate tax began is an example of why tax systems can be worse than they should be and how little influence the economic profession has on government policy (Norton 2). Sometimes ideals look great when they are not that sound. Corporate taxes were used during wartime until 1909, when Congress enacted a 1 percent tax on corporation income. The rate increased until 1932 to 12.5 percent when the rate was changed to the progressive rates. Norton stated, ?Surtaxes on corporate income were added for "excess profits" during both world wars. The highest peacetime rate, 52.8 percent, was reached in the sixties? (2). "
Abstract In this article, the writer critically evaluates the key success factors that corporations that are successfully managing corporate entrepreneurship programs have in common as well as which factors vary. The writer addresses the issue of how competitors to companies who have successfully put corporate entrepreneurship programs into place attempt to create comparable entrepreneurial climates and copy processes proven to be successful. Four companies who have successfully used corporate entrepreneurship programs are used as the basis of this analysis.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Introducing IBM's Emerging Business Opportunity (EBO) Unit
Nokia's Approach to Corporate Entrepreneurship
Toshiba's Unorthodox Laptop Journey
Trilogy Software and the Indian Corporate Entrepreneurship Connection
Summary
References
From the Paper "The EBO process within IBM quickly became one that had three parameters associated with project progress. These include project-based milestones, financials, and assessments of the specific business' maturity. As IBM's culture is heavily focused on metrics of performance, additional milestones included market acceptance including the number of customer pilots, customer references and design-ins, mentions by key industry analysts, product development checkpoints, internal execution, and software vendor partnerships. EBO-based initiatives also were staffed with the most senior members of the management team, and while these seasoned veterans complained they felt they were being actually demoted, in fact EBO leadership gave them the opportunity to gain a higher level of visibility than was the case before."
An assessment of the competing claims of the stockholder stakeholder approaches to corporate social responsibility, and a look at similarities and differences of each type of approach to responsibility.
2,515 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 10 sources, 2001, $ 76.95
Abstract This essay will discuss the competing claims of both the stockholder and the stakeholder approaches to corporate social responsibility. An explanation for corporate social responsibility will be provided and arguments will be put forward for similarities and differences in the stockholder and stakeholder approaches to this movement. Evidence to support these arguments will be provided throughout the essay.
From the paper:
"Before discussing the competing claims, it must be understood what is meant by the term corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility is just one aspect of business ethics and has become increasingly important for companies operating in the global economy. It is a fast developing and increasingly competitive field. There is no single, commonly accepted definition of corporate social responsibility but it generally refers to the idea that businesses are accountable for the effects of their actions on the community and should seek socially and economically beneficial results. It involves operating a business in a way that meets ethical and legal standards as well as meeting public expectation. Decisions taken by managers need to satisfy the needs of the community and companies must be accountable for the way in which their results are achieved."
Abstract This paper presents the identification and analysis of corporate governance issues at Alltel corporation. It describes the company and defines elements of corporate governance. The paper concludes that the company is guilty of the appearance of inproprieties. It recommends the company should adopt a policy of not funding unregulated business operations from the earnings of regulated business operations, and eliminate the requirement for a mandatory equity position for the Board of Directors.
From the Paper "The purpose of this research is to analyze relevant corporate governance issues at Alltel Corporation. This executive summary provides description of the company as well as providing a ..."
Abstract The paper discusses the effectiveness of corporate governance in banking and financial systems in Malawi, an African developing economy. The paper begins with a discussion on the history of Malawi combined with a short explanation of its economy and past laws affecting the banking industry. The banking industry in Malawi is then critiqued along with a general discussion of the manner in which banks operate and affect a country's economy. Next, the paper analyzes the larger financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in the context of Malawi's economy. In addition, the available literature on the topic is outlined, broken down into different sections. Furthermore, the paper assesses the effectiveness of corporate governance in Malawi's financial sector and proposes a study for future work. Finally, predicted results of the study are outlined, and well as recommendations for implementing and establishing better guidelines for corporate governance in Malawi's financial services and banking industry.
Outline:
Proposal
Introduction:
Corporate Governance in Malawi
Proposal Conclusion
An Overview of the Role of Commercial Banks
Malawi's Financial Services & Banking System
Literature Review
Public Sector Management
Public Policy Formulation
Decentralization
Corporate Governance
Purpose of the Study & Methodology
Proposed Study Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper "The effectiveness of corporate governance in Malawi's commercial banks is an important issue given the essential role banks play in the financial systems of developing economies and the widespread banking reforms that these economies have implemented. Although the subject of corporate governance in developing economies has recently received a lot of attention in the literature, the effectiveness of corporate governance of banks in Malawi has been almost ignored by researchers. In developed economies, the corporate governance of banks has only recently been discussed in the literature. In order to address this research deficiency, this paper discusses some of the key concepts and issues for the corporate governance of banks in Malawi that can be applied to other developing economies. In many developing economies, the issue of bank corporate governance is complicated by extensive political intervention in the operation of the banking system. Malawi is a low income country where economic development is a priority for a future stable economy. Economic development consists of capacity building, good governance and economic reform. Acquired skills cannot be utilized fully and institutions cannot operate efficiently without good governance; similarly, economic reform cannot be implemented properly without institutions that are functioning well ."
Abstract This paper examines corporate crime and applies conflict theory to this type of crime. Firstly, it defines corporate crime. It then critiques the conflict theory. The paper argues that conflict theory can be used to explain why corporate crime is abundant and why it is not often persecuted. It also discusses, according to conflict theory, why corporate crimes tend to remain under punished.
From the Paper "Most white collar offenders belong to the "white collar class" - in other words, usually privileged, educated, rich (or at least economically middle class) and usually white and viewed in a different light than the more 'common criminals' and hence punished differently. In most cases they can also afford better and more expensive lawyers, which usually leads to lighter sentences. McDermid Gomme (1998) asserts that recidivism rate is quite high for convicted organizations and high-ranking individuals within these organizations. This can easily be explained by minimal penalties these crimes are given, and deterrence is almost non-existent, but rewards and immediate. Indeed, as McDermid Gomme (1998) notes "fines are so small that business executives generally think of them as modest licensing fees" (446)."
Abstract A study of corporate governance and how it has evolved in the last 20 years. It includes an in-depth definition of corporate governance including examples of how it can be used in several white-collar cases. It also discusses the role of the board of directors and shareholders and the recent changes in their relationship. A discussion about ethics and their place in corporate governance today especially since the Enron scandal.
From the Paper "Corporate governance (or the lack thereof) has risen to the forefront of the public eye over the past 20 years in numerous high-profile, white-collar cases. Examples of such cases include the Lincoln Savings and Loan failure that involved Charles Keating and conspiracy, fraud, and racketeering; illegal stock manipulation and insider charges relating to Ivan Boesky; and Michael Milkin and fraud and racketeering charges. The most current scandals involving corporate fraud are exemplified by Arthur Andersen Inc. (shredding of crucial documents related to Enron), Enron (bankruptcy filed surrounding allegations of fraud and misrepresentation by corporate insiders), First Alliance Mortgage (defrauding consumers by illegally charging them exorbitant fees), and Waste Management Inc. (insider trading allegations). One reason why corporate governance has attracted such public interest is due to its apparent importance for the economic health of corporations and society in general."
