Abstract
This paper explores and analyzes the topic of solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which are also known as solar storms. The paper defines a solar flare as a sudden, rapid, and intense variation in brightness that "occurs when magnetic energy that has built up in the solar atmosphere is suddenly released." Referring to a Scientific American article by Adam Hadhazy, the paper describes how solar flares generally affect planet Earth. The paper explains that increased dependence on electricity generation and the proliferation of satellite technologies means that solar radiation threatens to damage major security and communications systems worldwide, including banking systems, public water supplies, corrosion of public works and petroleum transportation pipelines, voltage fluctuations on mainline power grids, and interference with global positioning system (GPS) devices.

From the Paper
"Solar flares and CMEs are relatively predictable because of the cyclical nature of solar storms. The Space Weather Prediction Center and the Space Weather Web site offer daily updates on solar conditions. Flare prediction involves observation from Earth using telescopes and equipment that can detect radiation signatures, but the detection of x-rays and gamma rays demands equipment staged outside of the Earth's atmosphere ("What is a Solar Flare?"). Several such systems are set up for solar flare prediction at the Earth-Sun Lagrangian Point such as the Advanced Composition Explorer (O'Dell). Unfortunately, x-ray flares that emit from the sun are extremely difficult to predict because x-rays travel at the speed of light and will reach the earth in about 8 minutes (O'Dell). The last major x-ray flare occurred in 2003 ("O'Dell). Most of the energy from an x-ray flare is absorbed by the earth's ionosphere ("O'Dell). Thus, a CME can be far more dangerous for human societies than an x-ray flare."

Tags:space, sun, earth, annihilate, envelop

From the Paper
"This paper will analyze The Coronation of the Virgin, an altarpiece by Guariento di Arpo. Guariento was a painter from Padua in northern Italy. Documents show that he was active between the years 1338 and 1370. Guariento's The Coronation of the Virgin altarpiece was completed in 1344. In addition to this work, Guariento created numerous frescoes as well as paintings. His paintings include a series of scenes from the life of Saint Sebastian and a series of panels showing the hierarchy of angels ("Gothic Art," 1962, pp. 603-604). One of Guariento's most famous works is related to the altarpiece which is the theme of this paper. This is his fresco, The Coronation of the Virgin, which was commissioned for a room in the Palazzo Ducale (Doge's Palace) in Venice. This fresco, painted in 1365, has since been damaged by fire. Nevertheless, it is still considered to be a..."

Abstract
This research paper focuses on the life of Pope Martin V after his coronation as Pope in 1417, thus beginning the era of the Roman Renaissance. The paper examines how he laid the foundations for the Renaissance, the radical changes that took place in culture and society during the Renaissance and how Pope Martin V continued to influence these changes even after his death.

From the Paper
"The Renaissance was an exciting, albeit confusing for some, time in European history. It produced many great masters of artistry and influenced later reformations of the church and of government. It is proof that radical changes in culture and society are long-standing and affect many generations to come. Pope Martin V could not possibly have known that his election would go down in history as the end of the Great Schism and the beginning of what history would call the "Renaissance." Those who are living during a time period cannot fathom that someday, that era will be famous for its culture, art, ideals, and diversions. Had Pope Martin V lived to see the Renaissance, he might have been a bit alarmed at the radical change from a focus on the religious to a focus on the secular. Being an open-minded man, however, Martin most likely would have appreciated the great artistry of the Renaissance. Even if he didn't embrace it with open arms, Martin would have come to an understanding with those who did."

Tags:catholic, church, european, history, religion, theology

Abstract
This paper relates that, although forensic science appears to be a recent development, the modern medical-legal tactic to criminal investigations started in 12th century England when King Richard I enacted the "Office of the Coroner". The author points out that the scientific analysis of evidence left at the scene of a crime such as blood, semen, shreds of clothing, hair, weapons, tire treads and other physical evidence can seem more compelling to a jury than the evidence of eyewitnesses. The paper states that the purpose of crime scene investigation is to help understand what happened and to recognize the responsible person while carefully documenting the conditions at a crime scene and distinguishing all relevant physical evidence for further analysis.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Forensic Techniques
Firearms and Tool Mark Identification
Bullet Matching
Tool mark Evidence
Forensic Psychiatry
Profiling
Examination of Questioned Documents
Handwriting Analysis
Forgery
Scientific Evidence
Personal Identification
Fingerprints
DNA
Other Disciplines
Forensic Photography
Fracture Match
Crime Scene Documentation
Chain of Custody
Locard's Exchange Principal
Entomology
Blood Spatters
Soil
Glass
Crime Scene Investigation
Forensics in Courtroom
Validity of Forensic Evidence--Some Doubts
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Few areas of examination at trial can seem as intimidating as the prospect of taking on the prosecution's forensic experts. Crime lab reports seem to have this aura of invincibility about them that lead few trial lawyers to tackle their conclusions head on in front of a jury. Maybe it is because some part of us thinks that the reported results are based upon "science", and science, in turn, can be empirically experienced. Hence, we reason, if the stuff can be checked, no lab technician would put things in their report that could easily be shown to be incorrect. Alternatively, maybe, it is because we simply don't understand how tremendously vulnerable to challenge the crime lab work product really is."

Tags:investigations, evidence, fingerprints, jury

Abstract
This paper explains that the FBI's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program
only records data from known offenders, or people who are arrested by police departments in the USA , but does not take into consideration findings of a court, coroner, jury, or the decision of a prosecutor. The author reports that the UCR can be improved by including a measure of unreported crimes and changing outdated definitions of specific crimes. The paper stresses that, while law enforcement uses the UCR as a resource, the UCR also is an important social indicator for politicians, the media, and thus the greater American public; therefore, the UCR should begin to reflect the needs of this broader population in its mandate.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Criticism of the UCR
Means to Improve the UCR
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Further improvement to the UCR can be achieved through bettering the UCR's known current underreporting and underestimation of certain crimes. First, the UCR should include a measure of unreported crimes. Certainly, the inclusion of this type of data is sometimes problematic, as it often rests on public perceptions of the rate of crime and estimates of the occurrence of certain crimes, and thus may be inherently unreliable. Thus, this report recommends that the UCR include a separate category for 'unreported' crime statistics that are currently not included in the UCR. As such, the reporting of traditionally "unreported crimes" will not directly effect the reporting of "reported" or known crimes. Second, the UCR can be improved by reporting all crimes that occur in a group of crimes."

Tags:data, arrest, court, outdated, unreported

Abstract
This paper examines the nature of succession and the physical role of annointing in the coronation ceremony. It looks at the conferment of the sacred character and subsequent 'making' of the king and the numerous political, social and theological benefits. Also examined is the relationship of annointing and Carolingian propaganda as well as strategies of royal protection and succession disputes.

From the Paper
"Inauguration rituals in early medieval Europe represented the fundamental rites by which kings were made. No Carolingian or Merovingian king simply succeeded to his kingdom as a matter of route and it is to this end that the process of anointment has been interpreted as a highly significant aspect of Carolingian kingship. Indeed the increasing regularity and apparent quasi-institutionalization of royal anointments from the mid-eighth century onwards suggests an importance in itself. Pippin's anointment at Soissons in 751 preceded the anointments of his young sons in 754, the anointing of Charlemagne's sons in 781 and 800 and ultimately set in motion a wave of such inauguration rituals for much of the ninth century. Early medieval rule was to an extent, defined by ritual and symbolic emblems."

Tags:burgundian, franks, coronation, king, pope

Abstract
This paper examines how, in his poetic works of ?MacFlecknoe? and ?Absalom and Achitophel?, John Dryden focuses on the idea of coronation to degrade his satirical target. It looks at how ?MacFlecknoe? centers around the crowning of a new ?king of bad writing?, whereas ?Absalom and Achitophel? satirizes the very realistic predicament of a threat to the English crown. It also explores how, during the 18th century in England, the folk custom of carnival was very popular and how Dryden derived his royal satires from these traditional English carnivals.

From the Paper
"Dryden was no doubt familiar with these carnivals of misrule (Combe 5). During the observance of Twelfthtide in England, the carnival was in full swing; "Dating from at least the twelfth or thirteenth century, a Lord of Misrule was commonly appointed to oversee the Chistmastide revels at the royal court, in noble households, in various municipalities, at the universities, and at the London law schools" (Combe 5). The Christmastide carnival at the Inns of court was probably the most influential to Dryden, for it was the most complete ritualistic carnival at the time (Combe 6). During this carnival, a Lord of Misrule was crowned, termed the Christmas prince; the carnival began on December 21, and the disorder lasted for about four weeks (Combe 6)."

Tags:absalom, achitophel, macflecknoe

Abstract
Describes the general roles and responsibilities of police officers or sheriff's deputies. Considers trained and experienced detectives, forensic pathologists, coroners, medical examiners, and forensic field and laboratory workers.

From the Paper
"Proper death investigations as requiring trained and experienced detectives who can expertly evaluate situations of violent death and conduct detailed inquiries (Geberth, 1995). In addition, death crime scene..."

Abstract
This paper links the dark vision of Joseph Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" to the fripperies of Jane Austen by showing that these writers can be seen as important bookmarks to the era of the modern novel. We cannot understand Conrad's work without understanding its connections to his time. The paper shows that by looking back to a writer like Austen, we can see how much has changed in the world at large and in the world of the novel during the Victorian era and the ways in which authors had begun to lose faith in the power of language to represent, to contain and to describe language. The paper argues that we cannot understand Conrad's relationship to language without understanding the larger context within which literature was created and consumed. The era from the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1837 until her death in 1901, was an era of a number of key social changes that would force writers to take clear positions on issues of immediate importance to the rest of society. The paper shows, therefore, that we see very little social criticism in Austen - whose "Pride and Prejudice" was written 20 years before Victoria ascended the throne - and almost exclusively social comment in Conrad's story, published in 1902, the year after Victoria died. But even as writers began to become engaged more and more in the world at large, they became increasingly aware of the fact that language is of limited use in effecting change. The paper shows that for a writer like Austen, the power of language had only to carry a plot and characters; for Conrad language had to have to have the ability to transform the world. It is thus hardly surprising that Austen should find language adequate to her desires and her needs and that Conrad should find it inadequate.

From the Paper
"Conrad throughout this book implies that civilizations are created by the setting of laws and codes that encourage people to achieve higher standards that civilization and social bonds compel us to act out our better selves. The institutions of communal and civilized life act as dams, as bulwarks to prevent humans from reverting back to their darker tendencies, which they will do as soon as they are left alone or loosed from the constraints of their own societies, an element essential to much of colonial thought, as Back and Solomos (2000) suggest. Conrad suggests, through his insistence on the primacy of metaphor, that language cannot be counted on to be one of those civilizing bonds. When a writer can no longer count on language to provide an anchor in the world, we recognize that we are entering the rocky waters of modernism."

Tags:imperialism, colonialization, Kurtz, Marlow

Abstract
This paper emphasizes the hallucinations of Macbeth when he sees the dagger floating in midair before him and when he sees Banquo at his coronation banquet. This paper also emphasizes the hallucination of Lady Macbeth when she sees blood on her hands that won't come off. This paper has references to the play, as well as references to two critics.

From the Paper
"In the beginning of the play, MacBeth and his wife have total control over their own lives. But, MacBeth loses his self-control, which makes him see a dagger floating in midair, before he kills Duncan. He also loses his self-control when he hallucinates that Banquo is at his coronation banquet. Lady MacBeth loses her self-control at the end of the play when she hallucinates that she has spots of Duncan's blood all over her body. The hallucinations of MacBeth and his wife symbolize a loss of self-control by those characters in the play."

Tags:lady, blood, daggar