Abstract This paper discusses the Corn Laws within the context of late 18th and early 19th-century British history. It explores why these laws were of vital importance in determining who in society held power over others. The paper argues that the Corn Laws of 1815 should have been repealed because they tended to benefit the landed and the wealthy over the poor and they were simply a rearguard action to try to prevent the inevitable changes that would accompany urbanization and industrialization.
Tags:corn law, robert peel, free trade, napoleon, industrialization
Abstract Carefully examines arguments for and against the Corn Laws by contemporary Britons and also provides a comprehensive literature review, which examines what current scholars say about the matter. The writer covers extensively the affirmative arguments for national security and price stability and finds them wanting. The paper also covers Mill's opening salvo against the first strong Corn Law in 1815 and finds that, while strong, such economic arguments had little impact at first. It also covers extensively Robert Torrens's introduction of the concept of the terms of trade, which provided a potentially forceful argument for protection. The paper concludes that the anti-Corn Law arguments were generally more sound.
Section I: Introduction
Section II: Historical Background: Evolution of the Corn Laws 1670-1815
Section III: Literature Review
Section IV: Explanation of Methodology
Section V: Before the Corn Law of 1815
Section VI: The Corn Law of 1815
Section VII: The Terms of Trade
Section VIII: Conclusion
From the Paper "The Corn Laws, the rules governing the import and export of grain in the United Kingdom, sparked particularly heated debate since their 1815 revision, and even after their 1846 repeal. To agriculturalists, the Corn Laws were a necessity without which food security and an acceptable rural standard of living could not be maintained. To industrialists and urban workers, the Corn Laws were a theft and an impediment to national progress. The existing literature extensively examines the economic effects of the Corn Laws across sectors of the economy, social groups, and national income, as well Britain's terms of trade, and self-sufficiency in corn production. Despite such extensive analysis, nowhere have we been offered a systematic analysis of the soundness of British contemporaries? arguments regarding the Corn Laws. In this way, we are deprived of an understanding of the intellectual effort contemporary Britons invested in their thinking regarding the Corn Laws debate, and thus, the sincerity of their expressed motivations for advocating particular policies. This paper fills this gap. It will be shown that the argumentation was largely static until Robert Torrens? introduction of the terms of trade argument. Moreover, the arguments for strong protection are generally so weak that they are best regarded as merely covers for the true desire to raise prices and rents, to increase the profits of the landlords. In contrast, the anti-protectionist arguments are strong, and grow increasingly sound with time, as would be expected, as debate refines and improves the level of economic thinking."
Abstract This paper examines the economic aspects of imported and exported corn. The author discusses domestic and international corn prices, identifies the leading importers and exporters of corn, and analyzes the effects of economic barriers such as tariffs.
Abstract This paper discusses how ethanol extraction from corn is altering the cultivation and distribution pattern of this major crop in the United States in a significant manner. While the proponents of ethanol as an additive to gasoline are enthusiastic about the transformation it has brought about in the rural areas of United States by creating job opportunities and reducing fuel costs, critics are equally vehement in their view of the criminal neglect of hunger facing humanity in less developed parts of the world, as a vital food cereal is being 'burnt' uneconomically to provide fuel for running vehicles. The paper examines both aspects critically by putting forward the scientifically derived opinions of agriculturists and economists from both factions.
Outline:
Ethanol from Corn The US Scene
Impact of Fuel Prices at the Pump
Impact on Food Prices in the US (And the Rest of the World)
Impact on Farmland Prices and Large Agribusiness Firms in US
Impact on Agricultural Exports and Overall Balance Of Payments
Environmental Costs and Benefits
Conclusion
From the Paper "Widespread industrialization throughout the world has generated the need for power to such an extent that it has become absolutely necessary to search alternative fuel sources, as the natural reservoirs of the planet are diminishing at an alarming rate. Crude oil has not only fuelled the machines made by man but war too as it has been one of the major forces affecting world economy and politics. The present spurt in the crude prices has further spurred research for cheaper alternative fuel sources. Atomic and solar energies have been harnessed to a certain extent, but there are practical difficulties in using them as a general source of power. They cannot be used to run the existing infrastructure of equipment and appliances dependent on engines fuelled by liquids, which in turn are integral parts of the pre established and irreplaceable norms of industry and lifestyle. The possibility of preparing fuel from biodegradable material like animal waste and plant materials is the focus of current research in the chemical industry and ubiquitous materials have been shortlisted as likely candidates for ethanol production. "
Abstract This paper begins with a discussion of marketing strategy in an increasingly large global village. Then, using International Corn Flakes as a case study, examines company products, target markets and marketing strategies. Suggestions for development of a marketing plan for the company are outlined.
From the Paper "With the advancement in communication technology, transportation and other technologies the world has shrink into a global village. Products developed in a country are now widely accepted in other regions of the globe as well. Many companies have been developing marketing strategies to fulfill the need, in an increasingly globalize market, for several years. There are a number of companies that are being recognized by and whose brand names are familiar to most of the people in every region of the world. With the span of time, the global competition is becoming more and more intense and is affecting businesses in almost every part of the world. Those domestic companies who have been doing business in a specific region for decades to concentrate in only one area of the market are now finding foreign competitors at their competition and having more market recognition because of their regional presence."
Abstract This paper presents the discussion of the disruption of the existing social system in New Mexico imposed by the Spanish priests, resulting in imposition of structured inequality and marginalization of the Pueblo Indians. The book report discusses the sexual and racial changes forced on the Indians and how the Spanish justified cruelty, oppression and exploitation through exercise of their power.
From the Paper "The history of the colonized world is the history not only of the conquerors but the conquered. Colonizers imposed their culture their social system and their values on the indigenous peoples they found and often enslaved and then wrote history to justify their acts. "
Tags: Pueblo indians, spanish conquest, colonialism, social structure, marriage and gender relations
Abstract This paper explains that, as a collective endeavor, agriculture required that the Hopi work together under the guidance of ancestral wisdom. The author describes that the cultivation of corn and other crops was no small feat in the desert especially during summer months when rainfall was scarce. The paper concludes that, with life so intimately connected with land, the sacred aspects of agriculture permeated the everyday Hopi life.
From the Paper "Rains and moisture are integral to the survival of the corn and of the clan. Thus, Hopi venerated clouds as ancestral spirits and created kachinas (O'mau kachinato) honor them. Cloud figures pepper Hopi iconography and the Hopi distinguished between different types of clouds to distinguish those that deliver the blessing of rain from those that simply flank the sky. Cloud kachinas essentially "wear" the clouds on their headdress, and cloud imagery also decorates their sash and garment."
Abstract The paper discusses the strong reliance on other countries for fossil fuels and the problem of global warming that has encouraged many to promote the use of ethanol as a natural renewable energy source. The paper looks carefully at this alternative and how it compares to other energy sources. The paper discusses how it takes considerable energy to produce ethanol and could divert corn and soybeans from the nation's food supply thus causing a food crisis. The paper stresses the need to look carefully at this alternative and explore all its potential ramifications before any far-reaching decisions are made.
From the Paper "This year more than ever, Americans are beginning to be concerned about alternative fuels, do to the possibility of global warming, the significant increase of gasoline for automobiles and other vehicles and the growing tendency toward green concerns. Deciding on what alternatives of fuel to use, for automobiles for example, is not easy. There are a number of factors to consider that are known in addition to a number of unknowns as well. One of the alternatives that has been receiving considerable coverage this past year is ethanol. Similar to other options, however, it too has its plusses and minuses."
Abstract This paper studies the life of prolific writer and theologian, Gerrit Cornelis Berkouwer. The author provides an overview of Berkouwer's background and his career rise to leading theologian in the Gereformeerde Kerken (GKN) in the Netherlands. The paper examines Berkouwer's influence on reformed churches and on his students who have since become significant participants and leaders of many theological endeavors. Berkouwer's largest work that was published when he was 86 and which recounts realistic portrayals of many theological debates, some of which included himself as a main character in the discussion is also summarized. Berkouwer's other works, including ones of criticism against other theologians and Catholicism are also discussed.
From the Paper "Berkouwer developed a lifetime of theological thought and teachings into a demonstrative set of works that are known the world over, many still in publication in languages other than his own. He is of course best known for his modern stress on ecumenicism. As early in his career as 1957 he was appointed by the GKN to attend assemblies of the International Council of Christian Churches (meeting in Amsterdam) and the World Council of Churches (meeting in New Delhi) Berkouwer's report to the GKN resulted in his suggestion to the GKN that the organization join the World Council of Churches, one of the first ecumenical bodies of the Christian faith, the GKN followed Berkouwer's advice and became one of the first evangelical denominations to represent themselves among the body of mainstream ecumenical ministries."
Abstract The paper states that the US is the largest producer of corn in the world, with the massive overproduction currently directed to producing ethanol. This paper examines the issues relating to corn ethanol production and comparisons are made between corn ethanol and other oil based fuels, as well as a comparison between corn ethanol and other forms of biofuel which have recently been developed.
Outline:
Introduction
Corn Ethanol and Oil Fuels
Importance of Corn Biofuel
Production of Corn Biofuel
Energy Input to Production
Ethanol Practical and Competitive Uses
Other Biofuels
Biologically Based Ethanol
Biodiesel
The Future of Biofuels
Conclusions
From the Paper "Early reports showed that there was a requirement for more energy in the process of producing ethanol than the energy source would release and there were several other studies in the twenty years which followed which confirmed these findings. The majority of this energy is assumed to come from fossil fuels (Pimentel and Patzek), which implies that corn ethanol is actually no better than simply using fossil fuels when production is taken into account. It has also been shown that the burning of corn ethanol in automobiles also contributes significantly to air pollution. "
Abstract This paper argues that the large-scale diversion of food-crops towards bio-fuels is an ill-advised move that could have catastrophic consequences against little gain. The paper reveals that the large-scale diversion of food crops such as corn for producing ethanol has resulted in sky-rocketing food prices around the world. The paper also discusses the indirect effects of producing ethanol that arguably results in greater emission of carbon-dioxide as large forested areas, particularly in the Amazon, are cleared for growing crops. The paper argues further that corn-based ethanol is an unviable proposition, mainly because the ethanol would anyway only fulfill a minuscule amount of the total gasoline requirement in the country. The paper therefore concludes that producing corn-based ethanol is simply not worth the human suffering and environmental damage it can cause.
Outline:
Rising Grain and Food Prices
Effect on the Amazon
Corn-based Ethanol is Unviable
Conclusion
From the Paper "Barely a couple of years ago bio ethanol fuel was the undisputed 'darling' of environmentalists and government policy makers alike. It was being touted as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuels that would tame the galloping oil prices, cure the United State's 'addiction' to imported oil, and control the on-going global warming threatening the world's environment. The overenthusiastic proponents of bio-fuels had obviously not catered for the unintended consequences of an untried policy. The large-scale diversion of food crops such as corn for producing ethanol has resulted in sky-rocketing food prices around the world, and precipitated the worst food crisis in decades."
Tags: grain, food, prices, agriculture, Amazon, environment, energy
Abstract The paper discusses the popularity of coffee and home coffee roasting and focuses on the roasting of coffee using a hot air corn popper. The paper examines the article by Jim Romanoff "For Freshly Roasted Coffee All You Need is a Corn Popper" and lists the supplies and ingredients necessary and the method to be utilized. The paper shows how it is a simple process that can yield great results for coffee connoisseurs.
Outline:
Introduction
Coffee Beans
Roasting Coffee Beans at Home
Hot Air Roasting
Process Involved in Roasting Coffee Using the Hot Air Corn Popper Method
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to an article found in the Magazine, Whole Earth, Coffee is also referred to as Java, Khavey, Crank and Joe. Coffee is a member of the genus Coffea part of the Rubiaceae, family of flowering plants (Pendell). These flowering plants are most common in tropical climates. Although there are many forms of Coffea the article reports that only two Coffea species are generally cultivated (Pendell). These two species are Coffea Arabica and Coffea canephora. The article reports that Coffea Arabica is the best and most highly priced of the two and the original source for this type of coffee is Ethiopia (Pendell; Roussel & Verdeaux)."
Abstract This paper discusses the biofuel developments in Brazil and the many issues surrounding it. It also serves as an introduction to biofuel efficacy and creates a sense of the current epicenter of biofuel use and production. The paper discusses the history of biofuel use in Brazil, the effects it has had on culture and economy, the pros and cons of biofuel, the import and export market effects, cost differentiation, sugar versus corn ethanol, auto technology in Brazil, and provides a discussion of US and other international responses to Brazil's programs.
Outline:
Executive Summary
History of Biofuel in Brazil
How Brazil Import Export Market is Effected
History and Policy of bio-diesel in Brazil
Affects on Culture and Economy in Brazil
Change of Dependence from Fossil Fuel to Biofuel Degree of Success
Environmental Effects
Pros of Biofuel
Cons of Biofuels
Cost of Oil vs. Ethanol
Sugar Ethanol vs. Corn Ethanol
US Response
From the Paper "The cost of oil versus ethanol is debated, as the whole picture is required for an understanding of the cost issue. With fossil fuel derived oil the earth has done the work of people with regard to creating a close to finished product. Though it is also important to note that depending on the feedstock used to create the fuel the cost can vary. Sugar ethanol is subsidized in Brazil, taxed at a lower rate and sold for half the price of traditional fuel, yet this does not completely reflect the cost in total of either. Cost must also be discussed with regards to vehicle changes, Brazil converted the car to met the fuel while most nations are doing the reverse, trying to build a car to run on a particular fuel, a more costly process. "
From the Paper "In this book of many parts and subparts, Gutierrez deals with the impact of European colonization on the indigenous peoples of the American Southwest. He documents the ways in which the Spanish culture affected and ultimately altered the Pueblo culture and their very fabric of life. His book spans the three century period from 1500-1846 and focuses on marriage, sexuality, and power during this colonial period before the arrival of the Anglo culture, upon annexation of the Southwest into the United States. An annexation that also added new situations and ideas to the already existing mix of culture and religion. "
