Abstract
This paper explains that, because of the complexity of the pattern of migration of the author's family, the author focuses only on his mother's father's father's father's family, the O'Bralligans, who came from the southern tip of Ireland in Cork County, and his father's father's mother's family, the Kaplans, who were driven out of Lithuania by anti-Semitism. These two branches of the author's family lineage came from fantastically different circumstances at very different times, but somehow, the author points out, their respective acceptances in America were highly congruent. The paper stresses the importance of remembering the immigrant narratives of families so that society has empathy for other immigrants especially those who are not invisible, such as African Americans and Latinos.

From the Paper
"Only five years before J.T.'s death, Esther Kaplan was in her first years of life and Lithuania was under the control of Russia. Combined with a relatively weak economy and a notoriously anti-Semitic and brute Russian Army, this was not the ideal environment for a Jewish family like hers. Her father Yehuda was a fur trader in Vilna and owned his own fur shop and the family was relatively involved in the Jewish community. There had been a number of pogroms - massive, targeted, anti-Semitic outbreaks of violence that police and other government officials did nothing to contain."

Tags:euro-ethnicity, social networks, invisibility remembering nativism

Abstract
This paper details the birth of the European Union, or EU, as an intergovernmental organization of European countries, considered the most powerful regional organization at present. The chief activity of the EU covers the establishment and administration of a common single market, which consists of a customs union, a single currency called the Euro, a common agricultural policy and a common fisheries policy. The writer of this paper delves into the economies of both Spain and Portugal while discussing the impact of the Euro on both of these countries. Portugal's economy is based on traditional industries, including textiles, clothing, footwear, cork and wood products, beverage, porcelain and earthenware, glass and glassware. This paper details Portugal's inclusion into the EU as well as its impressive showing in Europe's automotive sector and services, particularly tourism, which has played a significant role in reviving this once depressed economy. After joining the EU, the Spanish government continued with its programs of liberalization, privatization and deregulation of the economy as well as tax reforms. Following its membership in the EU in 1986, Spain experienced strong economic growth and trade expansion, which are clearly described in this paper. This paper also contains relevant statistics and data regarding both countries' economies before and after inclusion into the European Union.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Changes in General Performance and Structural Economy
Portugal
Spain
Impact of the Euro on Portugal and Spain
Expectations
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"Poverty reduction is a major goal in Portuguese cooperation, which has yet to be sufficiently addressed. In tackling this goal, Portugal places top priority to education and health. Unfortunately, these allocations do not strictly target the poor and there has not been a focus on prominent sector-wide approaches. As to debt actions, Portugal has made higher payments at $126 million in 1999, which was 35% of the total ODA gross disbursements. The DAC average was only 4%. Most of its actions come from defaults on state guaranteed private export credits and loans. Its ICP's strategic role in coordination likewise remains insufficient in minimizing overlaps of aid programmes by the different ministries and other agencies. Operating tools and useful guidelines still have to be developed and evaluations undertaken in a comprehensive and effective way."

Tags:eu, european, union, economy, europe, growth, finance

Abstract
This paper explains that Riis was a crusader, while Liebling was a wit, but they both strike the same chord on the single issue that defines New York-ness. The author relates that Liebling points out that the speech pattern known as "New Yorkese" is essentially the speech of the Irish in Cork in the early 19th century, which was when so many Irish emigrated. The paper reports that both men saw New York as a collection of microcosms of many differ types of groups of people who are very much aware of each other.

From the Paper
"Riis writes about robbers hiding in the oversize sewers at Cherry Street, hiding the loot they got either from what little their neighbors had worth stealing in the local tenements, or some really good stuff from the fine houses that had moved farther uptown when the immigrants and the blind and infirm moved in downtown. He writes about vicious fights between landlords in which one landlord built uninhabitable buildings simply to block out light from the filthy apartments providing roofs, but little more, for the other's tenants. If the landlords ever thought they could force rivals? tenants out, they must have been mistaken. At the time, 100,000 or more lived below 14th Street, that is, in the oldest parts of New York City. They couldn?t? afford to move uptown."

Tags:tenements, speech, microcosm, crusader, wit

Abstract
This paper presents a brief biographical synopsis of the author, Sean O'Faolain, illustrating his life in an Ireland that was mired deeply and seemingly inextricably in the Irish Protestant-Catholic struggle. The paper discusses "Fugue", a short story by Sean O'Faolain, and explains how O'Faolain's life experiences are clearly depicted throughout the story. The writer claims that the short story mirrors the Irish idealism and political struggles that surrounded O'Faolain his entire life.

From the Paper
"Sean O'Faolain lived through most of the major events that marked the tumultuous history of the 20th century. He lived through the Great Depression of the 1930's, as well as WWI and WWII, America's Vietnam War, and the beginnings of the war in the Persian Gulf in 1991. O'Faolain saw the world change dramatically in his lifetime, and witnessed events such as the birth of the automobile, the space program, the widespread use of the telephone, and the development of the Internet. O'Faolain was born into an Ireland that was mired deeply and seemingly inextricably mired in the Irish Protestant-Catholic struggle. The Irish Republican Army became a strong force in Ireland of the 1900's and many young Irish men, including O'Faolain were caught up in this struggle. The Easter Rising of 1916 marked O'Faolain's youth, and the civil war of the 1920's in Ireland marked his young adulthood. By the time of O'Faolain's death in 1991, tensions in Ireland continued."

Tags:ira, black, tans, cork, mountains