From the Paper
"Max Liebermann (1847-1935) and Lovis Corinth (1858-1925) were successful German painters, members of the original Berlin Secession, whose reputations outside Germany were minor, and faded considerably after 1940. They have, however, made a strong return in the last 25 years. Though they are frequently identified with particular schools of painting--Liebermann with Impressionism and Corinth with both Impressionism and Expressionism--neither painter fits well in the assigned groups. This lack of a strong affiliation, and their individuality, was one factor that led to their neglect. Another factor was a general disinclination for anything German in America and much of Europe. Despite considerable French influence, both men remained firmly associated with German artistic traditions, and Corinth had often called for a specifically Germanic art. The third ..."

Abstract
The paper analyzes Sophocles' play "Oedipus Rex". The paper first describes how Oedipus' initial decision to leave Corinth, and his fear of the prophecy was the start of his downfall. The paper then highlights how his lack of self-knowledge led to his demise, since had he possessed self awareness, he would have known that acting on free will could have protected him from a preconceived fate.

From the Paper
"E.E. Cummings once said "to be nobody but yourself in world which is doing its best night and day to make you like everyone else is to fight the hardest battle that any human being can fight - and keep on fighting." In Oedipus Rex, Oedipus faced many obstacles, but also opportunities, where his perception of reality was called into question. These prospects for self discovery occurred frequently, commencing with Oedipus' decision to visit the oracle concerning his birth origin. His decisions and thought process after visiting the oracle subsequently led to his inability to know himself at the crossroads and in Jocasta's presence prior to the resolution of the novel. This lack of self-knowledge developed into Oedipus' ignorance, and it was this problematic quality that eventually led to his demise."

Tags:self-knowledge, awareness, free, will, fate

Abstract
This paper provides research on the historical significance of Phillip II, the youngest son of Amyntas III, and his influence on the growth and development of Macedonia. The paper explains that when his father died, Philip ascended the throne and quickly discovered that his native land was being torn apart by his older brothers and those who wished to seize the throne, as well as the on-going petty wars against Thrace, Illyria and Greece. The paper discusses Phillip II's many improvements related to the Macedonian military, as well as his initiation of a large number of changes to Macedonian culture and society, including the creation of the League of Corinth. The paper concludes that this league, in addition to Phillip's occupation of the seat at the Delphic council, allowed Phillip to exercise greater influence, ultimately setting the course for further war and violence between Macedonia and the Greeks.

From the Paper
"In addition to his many improvements related to the Macedonian military, Philip II also initiated a large number of changes to Macedonian culture and society. In 348 B.C.E., Philip made plans to completely eliminate every Greek colony located within Macedonian lands and then attacked the Greek city-state of Olynthus on the Chalcidice peninsula as a symbol of his determination to bring wealth and prosperity to all Macedonian citizens. Along with Olynthus, Philip also attacked thirty-one other city-states which were "utterly demolished and razed to the ground" with their Greek citizens taken into slavery and sold as property in order for their valuable lands to be confiscated and distributed equally and fairly to all Macedonian citizens as a form of tribute ("Philip II of Macedon," Internet). These and similar actions by Philip II eventually freed the entire peninsula of Chalcidice and brought it under the dominion of the king, thus bringing an end to all Greek settlements within the lands of Macedonia."

Tags:Greek, Onlynthis, Amyntas, Thrayce, Illyria

Abstract
This paper addresses the historiography of Graeco-Roman succession and what we tend to make of it. The paper discusses how Greek influence reached Rome via different channels in a piecemeal manner and the Roman takeover of Greece after the Battle of Corinth did not mean absorbing the then decayed Greek system. The paper looks at Roman ways of doing things and how cultural attainments inherited elements from various places due to the way Rome rose as it expanded its empire and in directions different from those the Greek civilization undertook.

From the Paper
"Western civilization descends in different ways from the philosophical and other heritages of Mediterranean civilizations, in complex and often vague phenomena that will continue to create debate, including debate on matters of what one civilization received from another. There seems no resolution of a central debate on the degree to which Rome inherited ideas, practical knowledge or inspiration from a fading and then disintegrated Greek civilization. More than one argument continues in circulation among contemporary scholars in very interesting questions of historiography as..."

Tags:greece, rome, succession, historiography

Abstract
This paper reviews the famous story of Oedipus who was destined to kill his father and marry his mother and discusses how his action of evading his fate by leaving Corinth was an attempt to exert his free will and seek truth and enlightenment. It argues that, although Oedipus was intent on pursuing the truth throughout his lifetime, without first realizing his own ignorance it was not possible for him to acquire knowledge and true enlightenment. Oedipus was ignorant of his true parentage. It concludes that by asserting his free will over destiny, Oedipus was, in fact, punishing himself for the one true and courageous act of his lifetime the successful discovery of enlightenment!

From the Paper
"Although acknowledging the importance of destiny, Greek general thought placed little emphasis on determinism and preferred to portray mankind as possessing free will. In Oedipus Rex, Sophocles addresses both sides of the coin by, on the one hand, stressing the infallibility of the oracle of Apollo, yet also endowing Oedipus with ultimate control over his own actions. It is within this context that the story of Oedipus portrays the tragic plunge of a powerful and wealthy man into the depths of ruin and dishonor. Likewise, Plato, in the Allegory of the Cave and other writings, carefully balances the importance and influence of fate with humankind's ability to control and steer their path to truth and enlightenment. Although many have raised and examined the similarities which underlie the tale of Oedipus and Plato's Allegory of the Cave, this paper will propose the view that Plato would have taken, and considers the advice and comment that he may have passed upon Oedipus."

Tags:plato, apollo, greece, destiny, fate

Abstract
This paper is a philosophical evaluation of the story of Medea. The paper argues that this was not a sudden act, and that Medea's emotional state had led her to act rashly in the past, although this time she went beyond all expectations. Her emotions of anger and love controlled her, and eventually led her to murder her children to avenge her husband Jason's actions.

From the paper:

"Stoic philosophers, such as Seneca, believe that emotions, both good and bad, should be suppressed in order to make reasonable and rational judgments. Those who use emotions as a basis for their actions are not following this philosophy on life, and therefore they would lead a corrupted life filled with misguided actions. A perfect example of how emotions can corrupt a person?s life is the tragedy of Medea. She killed her children to revenge her husband from leaving her family so he could regain his stature as royalty by marrying the daughter of King Kreon of Corinth. Medea?s act of revenge against her husband analyzed through a stoic?s perspective leads to the conclusion that she was culpable of her crime."

Tags:children, culpability, emotions, euripides, fleece, golden, jason, medea, murder, philosophy, seneca, stoic

Abstract
This paper looks at the similarities that existed between Greece and Rome in ancient times. The paper also looks at the significant differences that existed between the two civilizations.

From the Paper
"As life settled and wars abated in Greece and Rome, time could be devoted to entertainment and education. Greece became prosperous through trading and good leadership. Thus leisure time could be devoted to politics and religion, as well as other entertainment. In Athens for example, a splendid temple was built in honor of the goddess Athena (Unstead 23). Cities were also furnished with open-air assembly places where speeches and voting could be attended. Market places with stalls were surrounded by walks and shops. Theaters were built for the notorious Greek dramas, with marble seats for the richer citizens. 17,000 people could be seated in these theaters. The chorus was a very important part of the Greek tragedy, and actors wore wigs and masks (Unstead 26). Further leisure time was devoted to pottery made in beautiful shapes and decorated with great skill."

Tags:romans, europe, crete, minoan, sparta, corinth, etruscans, tiber, athena

Abstract
This paper outlines the similarities in the female literary characters, Medea and Dido. It suggests that, even though the two characters are usually thought of as very different, they share many similar qualities. It says that they are both strong, knowledgeable, admirable, patriotic, and have great love for their husbands and fathers. In spite of these similarities, the two characters are thought of very differently, however, because of their different motivations for their actions. Thus, Dido is remembered for her strength and knowledge and Medea for her treachery.

From the Paper
"There is a great deal of modern scholarship associated with the classical treatment of women. Hundreds of pages of intellectual interpretations regarding the nature of their lives, their beauty, their wisdom and most specifically how they were treated by men, all through the fish eye view of classical literature. In two works there are two characters who are particularly fascinating to scholars, Medea and Dido. Euripides and Virgil both gave the world a true gift of literary interest. Comparing the two characters, Medea and Dido leaves an impression that they are a great deal alike, and yet the world's lasting view of them is very different."

Tags:epic, corinth, jason, husband, aeneas, sychaeus, golden, fleece, brother

Abstract
The paper discusses how the works of the ancient Greek playwrights are difficult for us to read within the context of the 21st century because most people today believe in the validity of the idea of free will. It shows the difficulty to square such an almost inherited insistence on the importance and sovereignty of free will with the idea of fate that runs so deeply through classical drama. The paper argues that a closer reading of classical texts demonstrates that perhaps the classical Greeks were not so different in their understandings of human nature as we ourselves are. By examining Sophocles' treatment of the story of "Oedipus", the paper examines the fact that the Greek's insistence on the importance of fate is in fact not so very different from our own understanding of personal responsibility.

From the Paper
"There are clear corollaries to human behavior today: We look at someone like the man accused of being the Washington DC-area sniper and we can see elements of his own past that brought him to the point where he is today, and we say to ourselves, he had little choice in becoming this terrible man. But we also believe that he did have some choice: We understand that life limits the chances that each one of us has, and yet we do not believe the fact that our lives were limited gives us leave to act wrongly.

Perhaps Sophocles is saying to us, this is the hand of fate pressing down on the head of Oedipus: He has no choices. But it seems more likely " given that human nature in Sophocles's time is much the same as it is today " what he is saying is that we often have very few choices, and often not very good ones, but we always do have choices."

Tags:Laius, Cadmus, Jocasta, Corinth, Somerset, Maugham

Abstract
This paper examines the character of Medea in the play by the same name by the Greek writer, Euripides. By referring to examples from the text, the paper shows Medea's passion for her love Jason, her will to give up her family and country for him, her loss of status when her love affair does not work out, her misery in her situation and the final tragic murder of her own children.

From the Paper
"Euripides' Medea is considered one of the most evocative plays about women's rights. It is also one of the most controversial plays till today. The reason for this is probably because Euripides' chose to project Medea as an extremely strong woman who is not afraid to assert herself and chooses rather extreme means of doing so, including infanticide. It is her drastic actions, rather than the underlying principles that probably causes Medea to be a controversial work."

Tags:Creon, Corinth, Hellas