Abstract
This paper examines how the idea of copyrighting television formats has become a prevalent area of debate in recent years, partly due to the increased global marketing/trade in television today and partly due to the changing nature of our television viewing habits and the types of programs on offer to the public at large. It looks at how the ingress of "Reality Television" onto our screens has sparked widespread comment on whether format rights should be available to broadcasting companies and program creators alike, in order firstly to protect them from infringement and secondly to "protect" the public from an influx of similar programs. It puts forward the author's belief that by allowing format rights in television programs, one is not only radically extending what is considered to be a dramatic work for the purposes of copyright law, but by giving this type of control to production companies one is narrowing the public's right to choose and only taking from an ever diminishing public domain.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Trash Television, "Tabloid Culture" and the Emergence of the "Real".
The Dramatic Work " A Reality
Opportunity Knocks"
The Consultative Document and the Possible End of Format Rights
The Format Trade
The New Breed of "Real" Format Rights
A Step Too Far
End of a Genre"
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Format Recognition and Protection Association believes that there is no protection of formats at present which is good enough to meet the need, and their aim is "to promote to producers, broadcasters and the law, the concept of formats as unique, intellectual properties". There are however other, and possibly better ways to protect these types of programmes. Trademarks, although not able to protect the format of a show per se, will protect the titles, and it is becoming increasingly more common to do this , with shows like "Who Wants to be a Millionaire" and "The Weakest Link" which are almost internationally known brands of television. This may well have helped Hughie Green in the Opportunity Knocks Case, whose title was also used by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corp."

Tags:intellectual, law, patents, property, reality, trademarks

Abstract
This well-researched paper centers on the matter of copyrighted material in terms of literary works, musical compositions, dramatic works, pantomimes and choreographic works, pictorial and multi-media packages within CD-ROMs among others. This paper focuses on the legalities of copyright in the three countries cited primarily from the point of view held by archives. The writer of this paper begins by offering a detailed definition of both archives and copyright. According to this paper, a copyright is a set of laws and rules that are established as a particular form of government with the primary goal of protecting the original works of the author. This paper delves into various concepts of copyright including its being construed as a certain specification of law within a particular field of work. The writer examines the situation in the U.K. which currently houses nearly 2,000 archive repositories of various types in England. This paper analyzes the Title 17, U.S. Code copyright law which applies and can only be enforced in the U.S. The Title 17, U.S. Code is given to original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical and other forms of artistic works which give the owner of the work in question the permission to reproduce said work. This paper details the significance of China's copyright laws on America while delving into the vast differences between China's perception of archived and documented material to that of the western world. The writer examines the growing field of online archives and libraries. This in-depth and informative paper also contains pertinent data and statistics relevant to this specific topic. According to published figures there are 1.5 million visits a year to archives while up to 75% of those who visit do so for private or personal research.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Archives and the Copyright Provisions in the West
Archives and the Copyright Provisions in China
Discussion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The term copyright has to be explained to some extent. Copying takes place in a number of instances and can be considered when a single copy is made of an article through photocopying, downloading pages from a Web site, or seeing a picture that has been loaded in the digital format. In all these instances, there is no violation of the rights of the copyright holder, as they may be considered to be a fair use of the facility. Since the question of copying is involved, there has to be an understanding as to whether there are violations of any rights of the copyright holder. The permissions have to be given when certain actions are involved like a movie version from a book, translation of a book into other languages, etc. In these cases, the rights of the copyright holder are involved, and it does not matter from where the person desirous of making the change got hold of the material. It depends on the copyright holder to say how the work for which they are holding copyright will be distributed to the public at large."

Tags:laws, copyright, england, america, china, political, libraries, author, works, permission, archives

Abstract
This paper presents a definition of copyright infringement, explaining that in the United States copyright infringement is the violation of the exclusive rights of a copyright owner. The paper also explains that violations of copyright may include literary works, musical works, dramatic works, pantomimes and choreographic works, artistic works, motion pictures and audiovisual works, sound recordings and architectural works as well as other created materials that are protected under copyright law. Additionally, the paper looks at how the definition of infringement, however, is subject to fair use conditions that are contained in the U.S. Code.

Tags:copyright, law, countries

Abstract
The paper posits that one of the most common misconceptions in education is that Internet materials are generally not protected by copyright laws. The paper asserts, however, that despite widespread false assumptions, federal copyright laws do, in fact, protect Internet materials. The paper explains that although the federal Copyright Act of 1976 was written long before the meteoric rise of the Internet in the mid 1990s, this piece of legislation has been interpreted by courts to cover materials on the Internet (Miller, 2003, p. 104).

From the Paper
"With the advent of the Internet and computer technology, many questions arise concerning the legal use of technology in the classroom. The following handout provides a brief summary and explanation of copyright laws that are applied to teacher's use of technology in the classroom. The use of Materials from the Internet One of the most common misconceptions in education is that Internet materials are generally not protected by copyright laws. However, despite widespread false assumptions, federal copyright laws do, in fact, protect Internet materials. More exactly, although the federal Copyright Act of..."

Tags:copy rights, copyright act of 1976, teacher copyrights

Abstract
This paper examines copyright infringement and its use with public domain, author's rights, and electronic publishing. It refers to downloading and uploading copyright material, how a copyright is developed and possible legal actions when a copyright has been stolen.

From the Paper
"In a recent Themestream Journalist Club email, a women wrote to complain about how her article on "birthing experiences" had been illegally taken and copied onto another website. To make matters worse, she said, "The infringer not only posted my work to his private website, he signed his own name to my article claiming it as his original work." Copyright infringement has always existed, but as electronic publishing becomes progressively popular, the danger of Copyright infringement increases."

Tags:copyright, electronic, infringement, laws, legal, publishing

Abstract
The paper examines the various aspects of the usage of music in the church context under the current copyright law for the use of music. The paper discusses how the varying aspects of music use can be detrimental to avoiding litigation from the recording industry, since many of the legal variations of fair use only apply to classroom or instructional application. The paper therefore shows how the copying, recording, or performing of any of this music within the church is considered copyright infringement, unless the church asks the recording artist and its corporate affiliates for permission.

Tags:copyright, use, fair

Abstract
This paper explains that understanding copyright infringement and the legalities of fair use/fair dealing is an important part of knowing how ownership is guarded by the law. The paper further explains that, although there are cases that deviate from the norm in judgments that define fair use, the norm suggests that profitability is the main core ingredient that helps to keep copyrighted information for use by the general public for academic or no-profit purposes.

From the Paper
"In this study, the basis for copyright law will be analyzed in order to divulge the legal premise for legal action that defines infringement. By taking certain cases that act as landmarks to legal action this regard, the differing definitions of copyright infringement have become a complex web of semantics and court judgments. Furthermore, the use of "fair use" or "fair dealing' will be discussed in relation to how these laws are upheld and enforced by the court system. In essence, the definition of infringement and its..."

Tags:copyright, law, america

Abstract
This paper describes the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DCMA) and considers its ramifications in the marketplace. It concludes that the Act is cumbersome and will need to have key provisions tested in the courts before its effectiveness is actually determined.

From the Paper
"Technology often out paces ethical and legal developments. For many years copyright law remained static as wholesale unauthorized duplication of printed materials was difficult. Fair use rules evolved regarding ..."

Tags:Digital Millennium Copyright Act, DMCA, copyright infringement, Internet

Abstract
This paper examines the general lack of awareness and regulations regarding the ethical and legal implications involving copyrighted materials displayed on the internet. Business and technology follows the imperative of development with little regard for how ethics and morals are influenced and the end result is that ethical issues are often left behind. Also discussed is the changing nature of information and technology which has resulted in the changing nature of privacy. This paper examines both copyright and patent laws and the lack of supervision of these guidelines on the internet as well as the ongoing attempts by the industry to reinforce these same laws. Topics covered in this report include: Organizational Impacts/Issues Future of the Topic Conclusion Bibliography

From the Paper
"Computers are seen as logical, rational devices, by which logical, rational actions are carried out, without any ethical implication. No blame or censure can thus be accorded when the computer suffers a breakdown or when the software has a bug. Such technology is seen as an entity on its own, without any moral intervention or evaluation. The reason for this is another result of the rapid development of technology. Few truly understand the nature of computing or information technology. Technology is used as a tool, without being attached to ethical responsibility."

Tags:communication, internet, privacy, ethics, morals, laws, patent, copyright, industry, technology, rights

Abstract
The paper explains that the case of Napster is typical of copyright infringement because it demonstrates just how inadequate legislation is as it relates to digital technology. The paper explains that in addition, Napster represents just one area where copyright can be violated. The paper shows how the Napster case reveals that in terms of digital technology, the fundamental issue concerns how to reconcile the traditional concept of contributory liability with the widespread use of digitized works made available by the Internet.

From the Paper
"With the advent of digital technology, research has found that as many as 90 percent of all Internet users and about 70 percent of users who share files freely admit that copyright is not an issue for them. These people regularly download many different kinds of files, ranging from movies to computer programs. The most likely individuals to download music and share files are students. Young adults behave in comparable ways since they also normally are not concerned about the copyright status of whatever files they download. Music is very easily downloaded, and it is far easier to download music than full-length feature movies."

Tags:law, copyright, technology