Abstract
This paper explains that, according to the fair use statement as laid out in Section 107, there are certain circumstances, including uses for the purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship or research, under which copyrighted material can be used without express permission from the copyright holder. The author specifies four "fair use factors" from Section 107 and then points out the problems with each criterion. The paper demonstrates that, while the guidelines for fair and free use are certainly helpful, they are not restrictive enough to provide effective guidance for the fair use of copyrighted materials.

From the Paper
"The second criterion is that of the "nature of the copyrighted work" (17 U.S.C. 107, n.2). This is perhaps the vaguest portion of the four criteria for fair use. Within the guideline, there is no statement of purpose for this criterion, so without examining previous court cases pertaining to this portion, it is nearly impossible to judge the intentions of the factor. For example, is the intention to promote use of unpublished, creative copyrighted material, such as original illustrations, or is the intention to encourage fair use when dealing with noncreative proven information, such as facts about military history?"

Tags:dichotomy, non-profit, guideline, creativity, schools

Abstract
This paper examines the general lack of awareness and regulations regarding the ethical and legal implications involving copyrighted materials displayed on the internet. Business and technology follows the imperative of development with little regard for how ethics and morals are influenced and the end result is that ethical issues are often left behind. Also discussed is the changing nature of information and technology which has resulted in the changing nature of privacy. This paper examines both copyright and patent laws and the lack of supervision of these guidelines on the internet as well as the ongoing attempts by the industry to reinforce these same laws. Topics covered in this report include: Organizational Impacts/Issues Future of the Topic Conclusion Bibliography

From the Paper
"Computers are seen as logical, rational devices, by which logical, rational actions are carried out, without any ethical implication. No blame or censure can thus be accorded when the computer suffers a breakdown or when the software has a bug. Such technology is seen as an entity on its own, without any moral intervention or evaluation. The reason for this is another result of the rapid development of technology. Few truly understand the nature of computing or information technology. Technology is used as a tool, without being attached to ethical responsibility."

Tags:communication, internet, privacy, ethics, morals, laws, patent, copyright, industry, technology, rights

Abstract
This well-researched paper centers on the matter of copyrighted material in terms of literary works, musical compositions, dramatic works, pantomimes and choreographic works, pictorial and multi-media packages within CD-ROMs among others. This paper focuses on the legalities of copyright in the three countries cited primarily from the point of view held by archives. The writer of this paper begins by offering a detailed definition of both archives and copyright. According to this paper, a copyright is a set of laws and rules that are established as a particular form of government with the primary goal of protecting the original works of the author. This paper delves into various concepts of copyright including its being construed as a certain specification of law within a particular field of work. The writer examines the situation in the U.K. which currently houses nearly 2,000 archive repositories of various types in England. This paper analyzes the Title 17, U.S. Code copyright law which applies and can only be enforced in the U.S. The Title 17, U.S. Code is given to original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical and other forms of artistic works which give the owner of the work in question the permission to reproduce said work. This paper details the significance of China's copyright laws on America while delving into the vast differences between China's perception of archived and documented material to that of the western world. The writer examines the growing field of online archives and libraries. This in-depth and informative paper also contains pertinent data and statistics relevant to this specific topic. According to published figures there are 1.5 million visits a year to archives while up to 75% of those who visit do so for private or personal research.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Archives and the Copyright Provisions in the West
Archives and the Copyright Provisions in China
Discussion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The term copyright has to be explained to some extent. Copying takes place in a number of instances and can be considered when a single copy is made of an article through photocopying, downloading pages from a Web site, or seeing a picture that has been loaded in the digital format. In all these instances, there is no violation of the rights of the copyright holder, as they may be considered to be a fair use of the facility. Since the question of copying is involved, there has to be an understanding as to whether there are violations of any rights of the copyright holder. The permissions have to be given when certain actions are involved like a movie version from a book, translation of a book into other languages, etc. In these cases, the rights of the copyright holder are involved, and it does not matter from where the person desirous of making the change got hold of the material. It depends on the copyright holder to say how the work for which they are holding copyright will be distributed to the public at large."

Tags:laws, copyright, england, america, china, political, libraries, author, works, permission, archives

Abstract
This paper explains that understanding copyright infringement and the legalities of fair use/fair dealing is an important part of knowing how ownership is guarded by the law. The paper further explains that, although there are cases that deviate from the norm in judgments that define fair use, the norm suggests that profitability is the main core ingredient that helps to keep copyrighted information for use by the general public for academic or no-profit purposes.

From the Paper
"In this study, the basis for copyright law will be analyzed in order to divulge the legal premise for legal action that defines infringement. By taking certain cases that act as landmarks to legal action this regard, the differing definitions of copyright infringement have become a complex web of semantics and court judgments. Furthermore, the use of "fair use" or "fair dealing' will be discussed in relation to how these laws are upheld and enforced by the court system. In essence, the definition of infringement and its..."

Tags:copyright, law, america

Abstract
The paper discusses the issue of copyrighted materials, specifically music, on the Internet, and the attempts to stop the spread of Internet piracy.

From the Paper
"The Internet has accelerated the pace of copyright violations and piracy targeting music, a form of intellectual property whose use is governed by long-established law in the United States and elsewhere. The study will examine the response of the industry and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) calling for heightened efforts to combat Internet music piracy by pursuing litigation against individuals engaged in the file sharing of copyrighted materials. Drawing upon the literature in the popular and scholarly press, the report will demonstrate that existing copyright law may..."

Tags:Copyright, music, Internet

Abstract
In this article, the writer presents a research proposal to study the issue of Internet piracy of copyrighted music materials and products. The paper has rationale for topic selection, thesis statement, research methods, type of sources likely to be included.

From the Paper
"The subject of this paper is the response of the music industry to copyright infringement activities. According to Bates the emergence of the Internet has made music industry organizations as well as individual recording artists increasingly vulnerable to copyright violations by fans and others who illegally disseminate protected intellectual property without following proper procedures. It is a challenging issue in that the Internet is largely unregulated and in that copyright law was written long before the Internet emerged ..."

Tags:music, copyright law, intellectual property, Internet piracy

Abstract
This paper relates that teachers and students are pirating copyrighted material from the internet and other sources in violation of the copyright laws because schools cannot afford to supply all the needed materials for grades K-12. The author points out that policy makers could relax the fair use laws so that they are better suited to regulate the characteristics of the new technology; however, the substantial influence of copyright holders in the political process means that this approach is unlikely to prevail. The paper stresses that that the use of copyrighted materials such as drawings, photos and music without the owner's permission, especially for non-educational purposes, should remain illegal.

From the Paper
"The needs of poorer K-12 educational districts have reported other results. Covington, Mississippi spent just $19.55 per student on textbooks in that period, and just $61.44 on other instructional materials, according to Market Data Retrieval. The same patterns of widely varied funding would apply to public libraries, on which so many students rely. Today Beverly Hills, California, is spending some $34 per citizen per year on library materials, while cash-strapped Shasta County in the same state is spending just 25 cents."

Tags:permission, restriction, on-demand, unauthorized, budget

Abstract
This paper focuses on the legalities surrounding the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) and the Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization Act (TEACH) which were both passed to protect the owners of software copyrights. This paper discusses the issue of software copyright as it pertains mainly to the field of education. The writer contends and explains the manner in which both laws clarify several complicated issues for software users while also offering international protection to owners of copyrighted material. This paper examines the basic premise of TEACH which contains recommendations made by the U.S. Copyright Office that addresses the use of informational material and services obtained via the internet. This paper discusses the responsibilities of online educational organizations who make use of informational software. This paper also delves into the additional concerns and responsibilities facing school libraries regarding the software used on library computers.

From the Paper
"These requirements are in addition to laws and regulations previously on place. The laws are intended to give software publishers the same protections text publishers have. Just as it is illegal to photocopy textbooks to avoid buying published copies, schools cannot copy software for use on multiple computers unless they have purchased a multiple-use license. Then, they must restrict the number of copies to the number authorized in their purchase. They may not install personal copies of software they purchased for home use on a school computer; or make copies of school-owned software for either home use or to share with parents and students. In addition, the laws address the use of shareware. Sometimes people think of shareware as "free," but it is not, and schools may not use shareware beyond the date at which the shareware copyright owner demands payment. In addition, although freeware is free in that the school does not have to pay for it, the law states that people may not sell freeware."

Tags:law, rights, schools, library, education, organization, technology, internet, property

Abstract
The paper relates that Internet downloading of copyrighted music is a very serious matter to many different parties. The paper describes the experience of Janis Ian, who, preparing an article on the downloading of music from the Internet, sent out 36 e-mails. The paper then relates that she received over 300 reply e-mails from various persons in the music industry and was telephoned by the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences and by the head of the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), the recording industry's most prominent lobbying group.

From the Paper
"Internet downloading of copyrighted music is a very serious matter to many different parties. Anyone who doubts this should consider the experience of Janis Ian. She writes for various publications, and to gather information for an article, she would send out e-mails to friends and acquaintances asking for opinions and anecdotes, usually about 30 messages, which would generate some 10-20 replies. Preparing an article on the downloading of music from the Internet, she sent out 36 e-mails. She received over 300 reply e-mails from various persons in the music industry. More significantly, she was telephoned by the National Academy..."

Tags:downloads, copyrite laws, research

From the Paper
"This paper will discuss the Federal antitrust provisions as they relate to copyrighted products. The first and second parts of the paper will briefly outline the purposes of federal antitrust law and copyright law. The third part will discuss tying agreements in general, including the requirements a plaintiff must meet for showing a tying agreement and the defenses available to defendants. The fourth part will examine tying agreements and copyrighted products, focusing upon the types of tying agreements commonly found involving copyrighted products and the special issues which arise."