Abstract
The paper explains that the case of Napster is typical of copyright infringement because it demonstrates just how inadequate legislation is as it relates to digital technology. The paper explains that in addition, Napster represents just one area where copyright can be violated. The paper shows how the Napster case reveals that in terms of digital technology, the fundamental issue concerns how to reconcile the traditional concept of contributory liability with the widespread use of digitized works made available by the Internet.

From the Paper
"With the advent of digital technology, research has found that as many as 90 percent of all Internet users and about 70 percent of users who share files freely admit that copyright is not an issue for them. These people regularly download many different kinds of files, ranging from movies to computer programs. The most likely individuals to download music and share files are students. Young adults behave in comparable ways since they also normally are not concerned about the copyright status of whatever files they download. Music is very easily downloaded, and it is far easier to download music than full-length feature movies."

Tags:law, copyright, technology

Abstract
This paper presents a definition of copyright infringement, explaining that in the United States copyright infringement is the violation of the exclusive rights of a copyright owner. The paper also explains that violations of copyright may include literary works, musical works, dramatic works, pantomimes and choreographic works, artistic works, motion pictures and audiovisual works, sound recordings and architectural works as well as other created materials that are protected under copyright law. Additionally, the paper looks at how the definition of infringement, however, is subject to fair use conditions that are contained in the U.S. Code.

Tags:copyright, law, countries

Abstract
This paper relates that teachers and students are pirating copyrighted material from the internet and other sources in violation of the copyright laws because schools cannot afford to supply all the needed materials for grades K-12. The author points out that policy makers could relax the fair use laws so that they are better suited to regulate the characteristics of the new technology; however, the substantial influence of copyright holders in the political process means that this approach is unlikely to prevail. The paper stresses that that the use of copyrighted materials such as drawings, photos and music without the owner's permission, especially for non-educational purposes, should remain illegal.

From the Paper
"The needs of poorer K-12 educational districts have reported other results. Covington, Mississippi spent just $19.55 per student on textbooks in that period, and just $61.44 on other instructional materials, according to Market Data Retrieval. The same patterns of widely varied funding would apply to public libraries, on which so many students rely. Today Beverly Hills, California, is spending some $34 per citizen per year on library materials, while cash-strapped Shasta County in the same state is spending just 25 cents."

Tags:permission, restriction, on-demand, unauthorized, budget

Abstract
This paper discusses copyright laws and the frequent infringement of them by students. The paper examines the lack of education in this respect, claiming that the majority of students are unaware of the laws. The paper contends that the extensive use of the internet for research purposes and the incredibly easy method of copying and pasting, leads many students to violate copyright laws.

From the Paper
"Copyright infringement, especially with regard to the Internet and MP3 files, is a contentious issue indeed. This is why legislation such as the Digital Millennium Act has been put in place in order to curb any unauthorized use of materials. The only situation where it would be ethical for a student to use copyrighted materials without paying for them, would be with the written consent of the creator of the material. I do however believe that the Carnegie Mellon University was somewhat heavy-handed in its punishment of the students involved. The students for example have been given neither prior warning or education regarding copyright. Furthermore, only 71 students of the 250 checked were found to be in possession of unauthorized files. "

Tags:permission, consent, unauthorized

Abstract
This paper considers the ways in which technology and innovation have challenged the music industry, with an economic perspective in mind, drawing on current articles and supports. In particular, it looks at the move from the LP to the CD and more recently, the innovation of MP3 technology which has forced the industry to make swift choices about marketing strategies. It evaluates the legal aspects of downloading free music from the internet and copyright violations through examples of lawsuits.

From the Paper
"Even though bootlegged copies of popular albums had been available for decades, the poor quality of these products limited this impact on the music industry. But the emergence of the MP3 changed not only the way that consumers accessed product, but also the way that artists and their labels contemplated their business. The quality of the product offered by MP3 technology rivaled the CD market, leaving little room for consumer discretion in this regard."

Tags:mp3, copyright

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Napster company which was launched in 1999 by freshman Shawn Fanning. Napster was later shut down in 2001 due to violations of copyright laws. The author gives a brief description of the creation of Napster and explains why, revolutionary at that point of time, Napster changed the face of the entertainment industry forever. The paper also discusses the controversy of whether or not file sharing programs such as Napster are fully violating copyright laws and cause the decline of sales in the entertainment industry.

From the Paper
"In their own defense, Napster claimed that it did not make or sell illegal copies of music, but allowed people to communicate with one another and share information. But the loss of Napster did not stop the music sharing idea; however, it opened the door to a new world of new music sharing programs and methods. Many programmers, such as the ones who developed KazaA and Morpheus, learned from Napster's mistakes and still run the piracy hub on the internet. As a result, a controversy occurred of whether or not Napster and other music sharing programs are the prime reason why music sales have decline in recent years and are fully violating copyright laws. While these events have occurred, it is inaccurate to state that Napster and other piracy programs are solely responsible."

Tags:file sharing, music, entertainment industry, copyright laws

Abstract
An annotated bibliography of six sources used in Order 86222, a proposal to identify issues related to music piracy and a discussion of copyright law violations in cyberspace.

From the Paper
"Omnifone Offers Tailored Solution to Online Piracy Music". This commentary by the editorial staff of Music Week describes tools and techniques that are useful in preventing online piracy of copyright protected music and other intellectual property. It argues that the new identification and protection technology should be used by copyright holders to prevent fraudulent use of their property. The audience is professionals in the field and the article, though brief, identifies key technologies that are instrumental in reducing piracy. It helps to describe the solutions..."

Tags:recording industry, music piracy, copyright law, Napster

Abstract
This paper explains that, based on the U.S. Constitution, intellectual property law protects under six categories, including 1) copyright, 2) patent, 3) trademark, 4) trade secret, 5) misappropriation of information at state levels, and 6) semiconductor chip protection at the federal level. The author points out that the concept of intellectual property originated in Venice, where the government granted some form of exclusive rights to the respective inventors in the 15th century. Copyright laws have existed in the United States since the late 18th century, but it was only in the beginning of the 20th century that Congress realized the importance of revising the laws. The paper relates that an effective knowledge management system allows a business to effortlessly keep track of innovation in its earliest research and development stage, allowing the company's upper hierarchy to identify innovation and maintain its confidentiality.

Table of Contents
Intellectual Property
Intellectual Property Violations
Protection of Intellectual Property
Knowledge Management System
Patent
Trademark
Trade Secrets
Copyrights
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Intellectual property is an important asset for a company. According to Su (2000) "Intellectual property rights are defined as governmental protection of private innovations and creativity." Every company has to fight to retain and protect its intellectual property. Intellectual Property is hypothetically a reference to the creation of the mind. It is an intangible piece of property that solely belongs to the company that developed it. They have the legal right to own it as a lot of time and resources have been spent developing it. Intellectual property can be anything like copyrighted work, patented invention or a trademark."

Tags:copywrite, software, research, employees, confidentiality

Abstract
The paper discusses how since the advent of the internet in the middle-1990s, the music and entertainment industries have been desperately trying to find ways of preventing consumers from downloading intellectual property for free; there has been a widespread preoccupation with online pirating and with violations of copyright and patent protections. The paper describes Bill C-61 and its history, the paper outlines what bill C-61 will do to private consumers; from there, time is devoted to exploring how Digital Rights Management software will assert itself if the measure is ever passed. Finally, and maybe most importantly, this paper outlines why the entertainment industry - especially the music - is so eager to see Bill C-61 implemented and why litigation is most likely going to skyrocket thanks to bill C-61.

From the Paper
"What is bill C-61? How does it hurt private consumers? What is the role of DRM software in all of this? Why does the entertainment industry support such a measure? Why is litigation more likely under this measure? How does "fair-use" come into the equation? Final thoughts/conclusions."

Tags:c, 61, canadian, consumers

Abstract
This paper studies the legal case against Napster, an Internet company that provided a service which allowed users to download and share copyrighted music. The plaintiffs in the case accused Napster of violating copyright laws, and Napster argued that preventing them from offering their service was an infringement of their basic rights. This paper highlights the arguments and issues on both sides of the debate and then discusses the Court's decision on the case, why it made such a decision, and the implications of that decision.

From the Paper
"Music lovers in the US and around the world mourned the death of a cultural phenomenon when the US Court ruled against Napster a year or so ago thereby intermitting the Internet trend of music file swaps. The company had become tremendously popular with 13.6 million US users in 2001 (Ahrens 2002). Napster, a company which developed a service tool that allowed users to swap copyrighted music files through the Internet, created havoc in the music industry for quite sometime until it was sued by music companies who blamed the company for their decreasing CD sales volume."

Tags:sharing, software, tool, record, companies, musicians, exchange, information, data, freely, associate