A description of the diet, habitat, mating and group behavior of the yellow baboon, and the significance of the copulation call of the female yellow baboon in mating.
Abstract This paper presents a detailed description of the yellow baboon, its species, environments, diet, habits, and the threats that it faces. The writer describes the group dynamics of female and male yellow baboons and how both sexes live in dominance hierarchies. Mating habits and the female yellow baboon's copulation calls are also described, and the writer explains that research demonstrates how the females benefit reproductively from using copulation calls. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research in this field.
Outline
Taxonomy and Conservation
Feeding and Spacing
Mating System
Grouping Patterns & Kinship
Dispersal and Social Relationships
Hypothesis
Conclusion
From the Paper "The yellow baboon is threatened by harvesting due to hunting and gathering, accidental mortality, biomedical laboratory research, slow reproduction rates and changes in native species dynamics. Hunting pressures on baboons are increasing in areas of the world that also have an increase in human population. The baboon is an excellent source of protein for the people living in rural areas near forests. The baboon is also killed because it is looked at as a pest. The baboon raids crops which in turn gives the local people another incentive to kill it. As the population increases, more roads are constructed which lead to more accidental baboon deaths due to heavy traffic. Increased human populations also leads to more of the baboon's natural environment being destroyed in order to provide for the continuous needs of humans."
Abstract This paper discusses the similarities between the mating behavior of Tarsiers and humans. The writer argues that both Tarsiers and humans are inclined to monogamous relationships though polygamy is also found in these societies. Likewise, Tarsiers and humans share similar traits in their sexual behavior.
From the Paper "Every animal species, from mice to men and cockroaches to chimpanzees, has a set of rituals and cultural expectations by which it lives. While mankind may or may not be alone in attaching deep moral significance to their adherence to these rituals, they are certainly not alone in following them. Science remains divided as to whether or not there is sufficient correlation between the mating behavior of humanity and the rest of the animal kingdom to justify drawing lessons and examples from our fellow mammals. Many say there is, and experiment consistently (and often brutally) on other primates and even on such far removed creatures as rats and pigeons. Others say there is not, and refuse to accept any lesson from the wild that might interfere with human preconceptions. But whether or not there is a lesson to be learned, there are certainly parallels to be drawn and questions to be asked about the similarities and difference between the mating habits of various species and out own cherished human rituals. Among the many species whose behavioral patterns reflect on those of humanity are the Tarsiers, a family of small primates with five species, of which three are traditionally recognized. On of the most fascinating traits of this species is the continued expectations of outside observes and one might guess of the species itself that it maintain a monogamous standard for mating -- despite the fact that the species is in fact very commonly polygamous."
From the Paper "Studies demonstrate that female birds engage in copulations with males other than their mate and these extra-pair copulations (EPCs) may result in extra-pair fertilizations. The frequency of extra-pair paternity varies among populations or years within the same species. The question remains, regarding why females mate with more than one male (Dunn, Robertson, Michaud-Freeman, & Boag, 1994). To answer this question, researchers attempt to determine factors related to EPCs and propose theories regarding EPCs. Naturalistic, observational, and experimental studies confirm hypotheses regarding prevalence, adaptive functioning, sexual selection, and fledgling adoption..."
Abstract The paper investigates a unique characteristic found within the development of male orangutans whereby the reaching of complete maturity and adulthood among a portion of orangutan males, both in the wild and captivity, is held off and slowed down by natural means. The paper explains how developmentally arrested orangutans remain subadults, smaller and less physically mature than their fully grown adult male counterparts. It explores a number of studies which have been conducted to attempt to determine the reasons and causes for what is often called bimaturism. The paper shows that because of the lower status of subadult males, female orangutans prefer to copulate with dominant, fully mature males. Often, in order to receive sexual gratification, subadult orangutans force unwilling females to have sex and the act of rape is extremely common among orangutans. The paper shows how a number of studies have been conducted in order to better understand the reasons for bimaturism and the effects of the trait on orangutan populations and the species as a whole.
From the Paper "Because of their solitary, illusive nature, it is often difficult to observe orangutans in the wild. It was previously believed that orangutan males reached puberty sometime between the ages of seven and nine. Researchers thought that developing males would spend a few years in an intermediate stage, before becoming a full grown adult sometime between twelve and fourteen. However, after populations were established in zoos, scientists noted that subadults would remain in the arrested development stage as long as a dominant male was present. When the fully mature male was removed, the subadult males would physically develop the traits of dominant males, most notably the wide cheek pads, and long, brightly colored hair."
Abstract This paper advises that the best way to protect children from sexual abuse and to inform them of its dangers is by installing child sexual abuse prevention programs in elementary schools. The paper claims that, while the topic of child sexual abuse is a disturbing one, children should still be made aware of its dangers and that the best way for them to attain this awareness is through school programs.
From the Paper "I have always been fascinated with the mind and the nature of man. One of the reasons my major is education is this interest. Education and children are subjects which should never be taken lightly, as our children are our next generation, our future innovators. The world, nevertheless, is filled with people who take away the innocence of children, and as a result endanger their future well-being. Therefore, I am particularly concerned with child sexual abuse, and what we can do as a society to inform our children on this subject. One of the best places to begin teaching this awareness is in school, the place where children spend the majority of their childhood outside their homes. Because we owe it to children to protect their well-being, the creation of abuse-prevention programs throughout all schools at the elementary level is necessary. All children need to be made aware of the potential threat of sexual abuse and what it constitutes; through this way they will speak up if they are victims of this abuse or suspect something."
Abstract Sperm competition is a subconscious force at work during copulation which affects the amount of sperm inseminated and influences the chance of pregnancy. The paper shows that females affect sperm levels through flowback and sperm retention. Males affect sperm levels by inseminating different amounts of sperm due to the time interval between copulatory behavior. The paper examines current theory which states that males subconsciously desire to fertilize a female, while females subconsciously do not want to become pregnant.
Paper Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Background: Animal Sperm Competition
Experiment #1: Sand Lizards
Experiment #2: Chaffinches
Human Sperm Competition
Experiment #3: Human Females
Experiment #4: Human Males
Works Cited
From the Paper "One of the aspects of copulatory behavior studied by Baker and Bellis (1993b) was the manipulation of ejaculation by females during in-pair copulation. To do so, they examined the flowback discharged by females after copulation. Flowback comprises vaginal fluid, female tissue, sperm and up to 3ml of seminal fluid (Baker and Bellis, 1993b). Flowback occurs directly after copulation when the female gets up, or most frequently, during the first urination after copulatory behavior. No previous study had been done in regard to the quantity of sperm expelled from possible impregnation by this means."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that successful copulation and reproduction has been propagated by the human species for millions of years. The writer points out that this process has been studied and researched for centuries to determine the physiological and psychological motivations behind procreation and sexual attraction. The field of evolutionary psychology has attempted to do so, and derives evidence from psychology, neuroscience, anthropology, comparative zoology, sociology, behavioral genetics, and many other fields. The writer discusses that through such studies, more insight may be gained as to sexual attraction, mate choices, and social decisions regarding sex and relationship between men and women. The writer maintains that there is no doubt that human beings will continue mating and reproducing, yet the whole process continues to have a mysterious aura surrounding it. The writer then concludes that although study after study has been conducted, the physiological and psychological motivations behind procreation and sexual attraction are still elusive.
Outline:
Introduction
Evolutionary Function of Orgasms
What Men and Women Find Attractive
Social vs. Sexual Attraction
Conclusion
From the Paper "This modern day psychology of the human male is no doubt an offshoot from his male ancestors who were physiologically urged to over-reproduce to insure survival of the species.
"Women, on the other hand, do not appear to have such a physiological or psychological need to procreate with multiple males, as women do not compete with other female ova during sexual encounters. Therefore, short-term sexual partners for women may function only to evaluate possible long-term mates, and serve more of a social function whether than a sexual or reproductive one."
