Abstract This paper examines how, during the Vietnam War, soldiers were not exposed to the traditional copingmechanisms of our American society, as illustrated in Tim O?Brien's "The Things They Carried". It looks at how these men were forced to discover and invent new ways to deal with the pressures of war, using only the resources they had in the Vietnamese jungle. It was not possible for any soldier to carry many items or burdens with them, but if something was a necessity, a way was found to carry it, and copingmechanisms were a necessity to survive the war.
From the Paper "The conditions of war can be enough to drive a person to the edge of insanity, causing him or her to need something personal to bring them back to reality. They were in the war twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week, and the securities that each soldier had were the only things that kept them sane. Lt. Jimmy Cross repeatedly had thoughts and visions of Martha, left at home. He would read the letters she sent him and wonder about her as a tactic to keep him connected with the real world and the life he had left."
Abstract This paper addresses the various coping techniques that individuals can employ when dealing with cancer themselves or dealing with a loved one who has the disease. Moreover, this paper also addresses how a diagnosis of cancer can dramatically change not only the life of the person with cancer but the lives of those who love and care about him or her as well.
From the Paper "According to the American Cancer Society, cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. Half of all men and one-third of all women in the U.S. will develop cancer during their lifetimes. Today, millions of people are living with cancer or have had cancer. The numbers are dismal; according to most statistical data American's possess almost a fifty percent chance of developing cancer. With these alarming statistics it is unfortunate and inevitable that almost everyone will have to in some way or another learn how face and cope with the depressing hardships and obstacles of cancer. Whether an individual is diagnosed personally with cancer or a friend or family member is, it seems as though all of us at some point in time may have to learn coping mechanisms for this illness."
Abstract The paper notes that hurricane Katrina disrupted lives unlike other natural disasters and comments that the effects of Katrina are ongoing and have resulted in permanent changes in many people's lives. The paper presents the rationale and methods for conducting a study that assesses the types and effectiveness of coping methods used by seniors, aged 60-70 in the New Orleans area. The paper highlights that the sample population for this study differs from similar studies conducted in the aftermath of Katrina, as it examines those that evacuated and then returned to rebuild. The paper discusses clues to copingmechanisms that can help other survivors of traumatic events to better cope with such an ordeal.
Outline:
Background of the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study to Leadership
Nature of the Study
Hypothesis and Research Questions
Conceptual Framework
Assumptions
Scope, Limitations and Delimitations
Summary
Theoretical Background
What Determines Resilience?
Positive Emotions and Resiliency
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Resiliency
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and Coping Abilities
Expectancy Theory and Resiliency
Leadership Theories and Resiliency
What is known about coping strategies?
Other Variables that May Affect the Study
Disaster Response
Conclusion
Research Method and Design Appropriateness
Sample Population
Research Instrument
Data Collection
Internal Validity
External Validity
Data Analysis
Summary
From the Paper "Older people may have difficulty meeting the documentation requirements due to age related difficulties. In addition, their special needs status group is disproportionately affected by any mass disaster. People recovering from Hurricane Katrina developed problems coping with the remnants of the disaster. According to a study done by UCLA, federal officials estimate that 500,000 people are in need of mental health services because of Hurricane Katrina. The onset of mental problems emerged in the New Orleans area, as people who managed to take care of themselves prior to the hurricane found themselves dependent upon social programs."
Abstract This paper examines how the family assessment model is used to help a specific family cope during a crisis. It explains that a family assessment model is effective because later nursing interventions correspond to and are based in a comprehensive family assessment. The paper looks at how in the family assessment model, the patient's needs are addressed by nursing interventions that follow directly from the assessment. The paper also notes that as this model reveals, while families experience problems and stressors, they also have copingmechanisms.
Outline:
Introduction
Developmental Stage
Family Function and Structure
Family Stress, Coping and Adaptation
Family Health Care Function
Identification of Priority Family Health Education Needs
Conclusion
From the Paper "Communication patterns for the family are open and effective. This family forms a cohesive group and has developed strong links beyond the immediate nuclear family, and demonstrates deep respect towards the elderly. Sylvia and Daniel are physically affectionate and warm towards their parents. Both children also exhibit respect and obedience toward the parents. The family furthermore is able to communicate effectively with the physicians and nurses who are involved in their care."
Abstract This essay states that the Lazarus' model is a very concise theory that explains how individuals try to make sense of a stressful situation from the initial impact of the event forward. It details the primary and secondary appraisals implemented to assess the event and promotes the idea that coping resources held by the individual affected are utilized to assist in overcoming the experience. Through personal experience, the author shows that overall, the Lazarus Model provided a clear understanding of the experience and the copingmechanisms used, either consciously or unconsciously to cope with trauma.
Outline:
Description of the Incident
Description of My Emotional Experience
How Lazurus' Model Helps Make Sense of This Experience
The Aspects of My Experience Lazarus' Model Fails to Explain
How Lazarus' Model Could be Modified to Fit My Experience
Conclusion
From the Paper "When assessing my coping resources via the secondary appraisal phase in Lazarus' model, I discovered my coping mechanisms were quite healthy. I was able to take control of the situation and the stressors involved by realizing that future harm of this nature could be avoided by ending the toxic relationship I was in. Further, I realized the challenges faced by experiencing such a trauma could be turned into positive benefits, as from this negative transaction, I received all the strength and knowledge I could glean from this experience."
Abstract This paper focuses on one of the most common copingmechanisms that terminal patients turn to as they experience end-of-life care: subsistence to religion and spirituality. This paper reviews a research proposal developed to effectively demonstrate the presence and occurrence of religion and spirituality among patients receiving end-of-life care, as well as determine the nature and dynamics of this concept from the perspective of the patients.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of Problem/Objectives
Review of Relevant Literature
Definition of Terms
Methodology
From the Paper "In the practice of EOL care, it is inevitable that patients would discuss their situation with their caregivers, an occurrence that must be prepared for by the caregivers themselves. Most often, discussion of patients' situations are discussed with philosophical and reflective analyses, an approach that is commonly synonymous with religion and spirituality. As defined in the first section of this chapter, religion and spirituality operate on different dimensions: religion is primarily community-centered and shared among individuals, while spirituality, although a concept that can be expressed and shared, is mainly a feeling experienced by the individual, and may be shared or not shared to other people."
Tags: AIDS, philosophical, coping, mechanism, health
Abstract In 'Coping Strategies Used by the Relatives of People with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder', Stengler, Wenzke, Trosbach, Dietrich, and Angermeyer (2004) collectively conducted a qualitative study of the copingmechanisms employed by the family members of individuals who suffer from OCD. This essay attempts to understand as fully as possible the burden that is placed on those individuals in caring for OCD victims both in the sense of responsibility but also psychosocial ramifications.
Abstract This paper is a literature review on coping strategies for parents and caregivers of autistic children. The paper studies the issue from theoretical and empirical perspectives. The paper reviews the perspectives of coping theorists, and details their theoretical framework. The paper concludes with a discussion of other coping strategies.
From the Paper "In this chapter, coping strategies will be explored from theoretical and empirical perspectives. As defined by Lazarus and Folkman, coping strategies are defined as methods employed by people to deal with situations that require..."
Abstract The mechanical clock is one of the most common technologies in the Western world. The fact that the mechanical clock is so common means that many people have a difficult time believing that there have been periods of time in which the mechanical clock did not exist. In this bibliographic essay the origins of the mechanical clock are examined. The paper demonstrates that the mechanical clock did not simply spring into existence as a result of a single innovation. Instead the mechanical clock resulted from a number of technological and social developments.
Abstract This essay discusses how mechanical reproduction has resulted in the retreat from reality. The techno-formulation of reality, which is the mechanical reproduction of images, has served to change human perception. The problem of prime time television serves as an example of this reality, since it fosters graphic incoherence.
Abstract This paper explains that the author was presented with the problem of improving upon an already tried and true design, the mechanical pencil. The author describes both the form and function of his mechanical pencil design, which has been modified to include small LED lights at the tip of the pencil. The paper relates that this design was chosen to accommodate writers who are required to write or take notes in less than ideal lighting conditions, such as film reviewers or students. The paper includes three design sketches.
From the Paper "The purpose of this paper is to describe the form and function of a mechanical pencil design that the author devised when presented with the problem of how to improve upon an already tried and true design. After all, the pencil has been around for a long time, even the mechanical pencil. It is unlikely that any major plausible modifications that could be made haven't already been attempted or are already in existence. Nonetheless, it was my intention to make a design modification to the existing basic mechanical pencil in order to counter what this author perceived to be a major oversight with the design of the mechanical pencil. Too often, writers are faced with doing work in low-level light conditions, such as in darkened auditoriums during a presentation or during a film on which a reviewer might wish to take notes."
Abstract This paper shows that one of the main concerns in Chemical Mechanical Planarization processing is the material removal rate (MRR). The paper also critically reviews the existing MRR models of CMP and compares the assumptions, application aspects and limitations of the two groups? models.
From the Paper "Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is the process of surface smoothing and planing by a combination of mechanical action and chemical dissolution. This process is achieved by rubbing a work piece against a polishing pad under load in the presence of chemically active slurry containing an abrasive. CMP is one of the most effective planarization technologies for achieving smaller feature size for the integrated circuit (IC) industry. "
Abstract This study defines and describes the payment mechanism of the letter of credit, its usage and importance in international financing, as well as the contribution of this financial tool to the risk reduction in commercial and non-commercial transactions. This paper is concluded by the ending thoughts of the author regarding the above mentioned topic.
Outline:
Definition of the Term Letter of Credit
Importance in International Transactions
Letter of Credit Reduces Risk in Commercial Transactions
From the Paper "The letter of credit is used by many commercial players in the world market, especially for the individual advantages and benefits it brings. From the seller's point of view, the letter of credit promotes certainty that all the conditions mentioned in the import-export contract are integrally observed, within the established period and the amounts stipulated in the documentation. The Seller may also offer the buyer a supplier credit, having a specific financing method: the submitted documentation is discounted under the particular export letter of credit - in this way, the payment will be made by the payer's bank soon after the date of the shipment, and not on maturity like in the usual case. In case the exporter is an intermediary among an international transaction, it can transfer the letter of credit to other subcontractors, or can cede the encashment resulted from this particular payment instrument. The importer has the certainty that the payment is realized only if the shipment of merchandise is performed only in the stipulated conditions, as these conditions must be demonstrated using the documents submitted by the exporter."
Abstract This paper discusses and analyzes the relationship between strategies, techniques and coping skills and how these skills may advance the quality of life of veterans afflicted with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The paper begins by defining the disorder and then analyzes the literature with regards to coping management of the disorder. The paper concludes that a more holistic approach to PTSD is needed than was previously applied to it.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 1.
Introduction
Preamble: Overview and Definitions
Statement of the Problem
Beyond the Military Context
Hypothesis and Rationale
The Importance of CopingMechanisms Methodology
Chapter 2.
Literature Review
General Considerations
Prevalent Theories and Coping Methods
Variables and Co-morbidity
CopingMechanisms Conclusion
From the Paper "Tricyclic Antidepressants are used in treating the symptoms of PTSD. However the results of the effectiveness of this treatment have been 'mixed' in many studies. "In several studies, their use resulted in modest lessening of the symptoms of reexperiencing and minimal or no effect on avoidance or arousal symptoms." (LANGE J. T. and LANGE C.L. 2000) Another group of drugs that has historically been used in the treatment of PTSD are benzodiazepines. However the effect of benzodiazepines on the main PTSD symptoms has not been conclusively proven in trials and studies. Studies also state that while these agent are effective against anxiety and irritability they should be used with caution due to"...the high frequency of comorbid substance dependence in patients with PTSD. Patients should be fully informed of the risks and benefits of these medications, including the risks of dependency and of withdrawal after abrupt discontinuation." (LANGE J. T. and LANGE C.L. 2000)"
Abstract This paper discusses some of the difficulties that a person with Asperger's syndrome and their families face. It presents a case study scenario of a person with the syndrome and discusses how difficult the parents of the child with Asperger's found it to cope. The paper discusses the symptoms and the suspected causes of the syndrome and then focuses on treatment options and ways for affected people to cope. The paper contains some original sources.
Table of Contents:
Asperger's Syndrome
Symptoms
Suspected Causes
Screening and Diagnosis
Treatment
Support and Coping Social Skills Taught - How?
Obsessions to Talents
Asperger's Syndrome Conspiracy?
From the Paper "Asperger's syndrome student may function on or above grade level in academic subjects, albeit, their behavioral quirks may inhibit their success. Along with a supportive learning environment, support through visual aids (e.g., schedules, charts, signs, and lists) may benefit these students. Visual aids generally prove useful in facilitating transitions. They also help redirect and refocus students who experience problems staying on task. Task organizers may also help students progress through their tasks. These task organizers, which function similar to methods used in cookbook recipes, can be reviewed prior to doing an activity. The facilitator needs to ensure a student has necessary materials to complete the activity, and then guide the student through the activity. Pre-teaching this way not only enables students to more readily engage in lessons with their classmates but helps them remain on task. (Zager & Shamow, 2005, p. 320)."
