Abstract
This paper examines the controversial issue of cultural fairness in psychological tests, specifically tests relating to evaluations of intelligence. The paper starts off by presenting the issue and then defines, in short, what it means to be culturally fair. Finally, the paper considers some examples from actual psychological intelligence tests pointing out either how the tests can be culturally unfair or fair.

From the Paper
"Intelligence tests are a major part of psychological testing. Schools, especially, rely on evaluations made by intelligence tests in determining best how to meet the needs of either troubled or gifted members of the student body. But the reach of intelligence tests has even extended beyond guidance counselor offices. Some universities are employing intelligence tests as predictors of performance. It's not even unimaginable that a prospective employer might fall back on the results of an intelligence test to determine promotions or pay scale differences. For those reasons it is potentially important to understand the possible fallacies that are built into these tests. However, it is crucially important to understand those limitations because intelligence tests are routinely used to shape and guide the academic careers of young children."

Tags:intelligence, tests, fairness

Abstract
This book presents a review of a book about standardized tests by G.W. Bracey, "Put to the Test: An Educator's and Consumer's Guide to Standardized Testing." The paper discusses Bracey's thesis that tests have grown beyond their ability to serve useful educational purposes.

From the Paper
"The big pedagogic picture of Put to the Test is that it is a reality check on what Bracey analyzes as the blind faith that has been put in standardized-test scores as far as predicting the academic success or failure of students is concerned ..."

Tags:IQ Tests, Standardized

Achievement Tests

Aptitude tests

Education

Teaching

Learning

Abstract
This paper discusses David, son of Jesse, and the three great tests he faced of his loyalty to God's will. The author relates that David's responses offer insight into his relationship with God and with his people.

From the Paper
"David's servants said to him: "This is the day of which the LORD said to you that I will deliver your enemy into your grasp. Do with him as you see fit ." Christianity is based on the concept that God grants humans free will."

Tags:David, king, old, testement, history, theology, tests, human, morality

Abstract
This paper discusses the controversy over the date of Easter, which in the early years of Christianity coincided with the date of Passover, but in later years was changed to a Sunday instead. The history of the controversy, its logic and relevant facts are explained, and the paper concludes by arguing that Easter forms a vital link between the Old and New Testaments and between Judaism and Christianity.

From the Paper
"As the feast celebrating Jesus' resurrection from the dead, Easter has been celebrated for millennia. In fact, Easter is the greatest and oldest feast of the church. Easter is also referred to as Pascha, a term borrowed from the Jewish word for Passover. The Biblical account of Easter describes the death of Jesus by crucifixion which is now commemorated on the Friday before Easter, also known as Good Friday. As the Bible indicates, the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus was..."

Tags:Easter, Passover, Paschal, controversy, date, lamb

Abstract
The paper discusses how human evolution is part of the evolution of all life on earth and follows the same rules, but does so in a more and more human context. The paper looks at how ideas about human evolution derive first from the writings of Charles Darwin, who made observations in the Galapagos Islands and South America during the voyage of the Beagle, the ship on which he sailed. The paper explains that based on what he saw, he wrote about what he found, that would later undermine the accepted idea of the stability of species.

From the Paper
"Human evolution is part of the evolution of all life on earth. It follows the same rules but does so in a more and more human context. Ideas about human evolution derive first from the writings of Charles Darwin, who made observations in the Galapagos Islands and South America during the voyage of the Beagle, the ship on which he sailed. Based on what he saw, he wrote about what he found that the facts as he saw them would undermine the accepted idea of the stability of species. The idea prevalent at the time was that species existed through time with relatively little change and that the various species were not related to one another in any direct way. In part, this idea was based on the view that all the species had..."

Tags:human, evolution, change

Abstract
The paper explores the Kennewick Man controversy when ancient human remains were were found in Washington. The paper shows how science can end the disputes by disproving that the remains belonged to a particular aboriginal group.

From the Paper
"Archeology and Anthropology are two fields in which the treatment of individuals are very important. The pursuit of scientific knowledge and cultural issues has often come into a conflict. This is especially true when it comes to burial sites and human remains. A perfect example of this argument is the Kennewick Man controversy. This essay will look at the fight between the archeological community and aboriginal people in the American north-west. It will show how scientific analysis of human remains can settle important questions of cultural affiliation."

Tags:kennewick, man, controversy

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the controversy over the novel 'Huckleberry Finn' by Mark Twain is revived from time to time as parents and others complain that the book is racist. It is further claimed that Jim is a stereotype based on minstrel show versions of blacks. The writer maintains that if Jim does not have the same sensibilities as a modern black would, that is hardly surprising given that he is representative of his time an place and not of some later social milieu.

Tags:controversy, race, twain

Abstract
This paper discusses the Kennewick Man Controversy, detailing the argument between the scientists and the Native Americans over the remains.

From the Paper
"The Kennewick Man controversy started in ... when two students found the remains of a man along the Columbia River in Washington. (Zimmerman) They believed the remains to be those of a murder victim, but in fact, subsequent carbon dating found that the skeleton was over ... years old. The first anthropologist to examine the skeleton, James Chatters, was startled to find that Kennewick Man's features were distinctively Caucasian, a finding that suggested they belonged to a European settler and prompting a reevaluation..."

Tags:Kennewick Man, controversy, Indian, Native American, science, remains, bones, skeleton

Abstract
The evolution of a species, any species involves the complicated process of procreating, dealing with each other, and evolving in a manner that helps sustain life not diminish it. The questions that scientists ask about sex and behavior and evolution go to the heart of what makes us who we are. Nature is not perfect but it is clever. The study of sex and evolution has a great deal to tell us about how we have become what we have become. In addition, it can lead us to improve on areas--such as gender conflict--which threaten our survival.

Tags:sex, conflict, evolution

Abstract
This paper is based on the hypothesis that an individual's work achievement can be best predicted by measuring their intelligence. The paper presents a literature review and concludes that efforts to define and understand intelligence have prompted a more integral expansion of the definition and conceptualization of intelligence. Nonetheless, the utilization of standardized intelligence tests as a dominant predictor of individual behavior does not appear to be a organization valid practice. The paper concludes that the collective intelligence of the organization and its culture may influence the development of positive behavior of the intelligent employee.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Intelligence: Definition and Scope
Intelligence and Individual Work Performance
Discussion/Conclusion

From the Paper
"Other scholars examining the issue of intelligence and its impact on predicting behavior have argued that general intelligence assessments can only provide a rudimentary understanding of how the individual will respond in the organization. According to Youndt and Snell, individual intelligence must be developed in the context of the organization in order to make it a relevant concept for measuring and predicting both individual performance and overall organizational performance. What this effectively suggests is that the specific environment in which intelligence is developed and nurtured will have a direct impact on the specific results that will be achieved."

Tags:controversy evolution tests metacognition, organizational culture