Abstract This paper is based on the hypothesis that an individual's work achievement can be best predicted by measuring their intelligence. The paper presents a literature review and concludes that efforts to define and understand intelligence have prompted a more integral expansion of the definition and conceptualization of intelligence. Nonetheless, the utilization of standardized intelligence tests as a dominant predictor of individual behavior does not appear to be a organization valid practice. The paper concludes that the collective intelligence of the organization and its culture may influence the development of positive behavior of the intelligent employee.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Intelligence: Definition and Scope
Intelligence and Individual Work Performance
Discussion/Conclusion
From the Paper "Other scholars examining the issue of intelligence and its impact on predicting behavior have argued that general intelligence assessments can only provide a rudimentary understanding of how the individual will respond in the organization. According to Youndt and Snell, individual intelligence must be developed in the context of the organization in order to make it a relevant concept for measuring and predicting both individual performance and overall organizational performance. What this effectively suggests is that the specific environment in which intelligence is developed and nurtured will have a direct impact on the specific results that will be achieved."
Abstract This paper takes a brief look at the controversy surrounding IQ tests. The writer claims that these tests do not truly measure a person's intelligence and that too much emphasis is placed on them. He also claims that too many factors can influence the result of these tests and provides research to show that their importance should be limited.
From the Paper "There are few issues in psychology which have attracted more attention, debate and controversy than intelligence testing and measurement. Such is the importance of IQ testing that the future of most individuals' educational and career prospects rely, to an enormous extent, on their performance in these standardized tests. Although the influence of IQ tests was previously limited to the area of child development, the use of all types of intelligence testing has become increasingly common throughout society. A great many colleges and universities have adopted them to evaluate prospective entrants, and most employers, especially the military, public authorities and the nursing profession include some form of IQ test in their selection process. As a result of this widespread use, the original IQ test developed by Alfred Binet in 1904, has had to evolve in order to measure skills other than academic ability."
Abstract This paper explores how science has impacted all areas of knowledge in modern society, the result being a desire to categorize many phenomena, particularly that of intelligence. The author further demonstrates how this quest has led to a strong movement in psychological testing to determine who has strong intelligence and who has lower intelligence. The works of several noted psychologists are analyzed in this context. The paper also gives a brief history of intelligence testing, including past and present controversies in this field.
From the Paper "The value of intelligence is unprecedented and no other human commodity can compare to the power that an intelligent thought and process of thoughts can exert into changing the world. Without great human minds the world would be lost and stagnated and the developments that have occurred since the beginning of time would be entirely determined by biological evolution, rather than a combination of the later and human and animal ingenuity. There is no strict definition of intelligence and the exceptions to traditional intelligence seeking behaviors, such as education in a standardized form are often called upon to point out that it is not an intangible that can be manipulated, yet there is always a desire to do so."
Tags: psychological, testing, movement, intelligence, testing, IQ
Abstract This paper examines the controversial issue of cultural fairness in psychological tests, specifically tests relating to evaluations of intelligence. The paper starts off by presenting the issue and then defines, in short, what it means to be culturally fair. Finally, the paper considers some examples from actual psychological intelligence tests pointing out either how the tests can be culturally unfair or fair.
From the Paper "Intelligence tests are a major part of psychological testing. Schools, especially, rely on evaluations made by intelligence tests in determining best how to meet the needs of either troubled or gifted members of the student body. But the reach of intelligence tests has even extended beyond guidance counselor offices. Some universities are employing intelligence tests as predictors of performance. It's not even unimaginable that a prospective employer might fall back on the results of an intelligence test to determine promotions or pay scale differences. For those reasons it is potentially important to understand the possible fallacies that are built into these tests. However, it is crucially important to understand those limitations because intelligence tests are routinely used to shape and guide the academic careers of young children."
Abstract This essay is an example of how a environmental science teacher would respond to someone who says that: a. he or she does not believe in biological evolution because it is just a theory; and b. we should not worry about air pollution because through natural selection, the human species will develop lungs that can detoxify pollutants. The essay also gives an overview of the theory of evolution and the process of the scientific method.
From the Paper "Today some conservative church groups argue that evolution is 'just a theory' and that the 'theory' that God created everything in just seven days is just as valid. They argue that since evolution is only a theory it cannot be proven and hence it is a false theory. However what they often fail to state is that evolution is indeed a theory that is well supported by facts. Furthermore, in order to examine evolution from a scientific point of view one must be aware of the basic methods and principles of science. We need to define 'theory'. The scientific method holds that nothing can be proven with certainty and that most of our scientific knowledge is actually 'theories'. In science the meaning of the word 'theory' is very different from the meaning of 'theory' in non-scientific language."
Abstract An opinion paper that discusses current debates on animal testing, problems with animal testing, alternatives and how regulation can be improved.
From the Paper "Animal testing has become a hot topic in the last few decades as more and more animal rights & awareness issues have entered the world stage. From a variety of backgrounds, groups have rallied to the cause of animals around the world that are involved in drug testing, cosmetic testing, and a number of different experimental situations. The most hotly contested issue has been drug testing, where the development of potentially human life-saving substances is weighed against the life of these animals. Recent scientific research has been working hard to increase the accuracy and usage of alternative testing methods."
Abstract The landmark cases associated with Evolution and Creationism are discussed in this paper, as well as the stance taken by highly recognized scientific bodies of educators. The paper presents a summary of several state and national curriculum standards concerning this topic.
From the Paper "Controversy concerning Evolution began several centuries before the well known theories of Natural Selection and Survival of the Fittest was published. These theories were presented in 1859, by Charles Darwin, through his book The Origin of Species. Darwin did not propose the concept of evolution, he merely presented his theories of Natural Selection and Survival of the Fittest to gain support as evidences for evolution. Darwin is often thought of in many scientific communities as the father of evolution. This may be because his book, The Origin of Species, was the first published book that was used to support the theory of evolution through Natural Selection. However, Darwin was not the first evolutionary theorist. But his publication did lead to many misconceptions among the uneducated and religious organizations."
Tags:controversial, darwin, education, law, legal, Darwin, Origin, species
Abstract The work of Carl Rogers has contributed in substantial ways to the development of psychotherapy. There exists an extraordinarily extensive amount of writing about the value of his research, his clinical work, his methods, his style, and his profound impact on therapy. This paper poses the question, "Could interpretation of projective testing aid the process of reflection and clarification of communication between client and therapist during client centered (Rogerian) therapy"?. The paper provides a critical analysis of Rogers's work and into ?projective testing? itself. There are many forms of projective testing and diverse opinions with reference to projective testing. This paper critiques and analyzes several of them, using existing research in order to best formulate an informed answer for the central question being posed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Carl Rogers's Life and the Seeds of his Interest in Psychology
Client-Centered Therapy and Listening to the Client
Professional Responses to and Critiques of Client-Centered Therapy
Process of Reflection and Clarification in Client-Centered Therapy
Projective Measures / Projective Testing: an Introduction
The History ? and Methods of ? Projective Testing Six of the Best-Known Projective Tests Zeroing in on Spurious Therapists and Rorschach Projective Testing Rogerian Reflection and Projective Testing Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Sir Francis Galton is generally given credit for devising the first projective test, which the British explorer and intellectual researcher developed in 1879. His test consisted of a word-association challenge; subjects were given a set of words and asked to produce a "first response" to each word. Following Galton's work, Carl Jung ? a Swiss psychiatrist and renowned prot?g? of Freud ? utilized a word-association test in combination with blood pressure measuring devices to detect what he called ?complexes.? Those complexes were "constellations of feelings and thoughts organized around an emotionally charged issue" (Lilienfeld). And Jung believed that a "delayed or physiologically pronounced response to a word" can indicate the existence of a complex."
Abstract This paper uses the hypothesis statement, "The typical American drinks on average 3 or more 8 oz. caffeine beverages a day" to demonstrate hypothesis testing. The author points out the steps in the five-step hypothesis test: (1) formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis; (2) select a level of significance or risk for the research; (3) identify the test statistic; (4) formulate a decision rule and (5) do the calculations and make a decision. The paper relates that hypothesis testing can be used to test any claim about a parameter.
Table of Contents:
Research Issue
Hypothesis
Five-Step Hypothesis Test Results
Other Uses of Hypothesis Testing Excel Spreadsheets
Hypothesis Test: Mean vs. Hypothesized Value
From the Paper "A one-tail test is a test that indicates a direction. This direction can be indicated by the use of words such as less than or more than, or it can be indicated by the use of the greater or less than mathematical signs. The direction of the tail is determined by which direction the alternate hypothesis points. A two-tail test is needed when the words or signs equal and not equal are used. By looking at the hypotheses, Team B determined that they will be conducting a one-tail test to the right."
Tags: tail, test, test, alternative, null, population
Abstract This paper examines standardized tests with an emphasis on their fairness to minorities, those with cultural diversity, limited English and disabilities. The reliability of standardized tests as a fair indicator of school success is considered, focusing primarily on the experiences of African-American students. This paper concludes that standardized tests are not at all fair towards minorities - as indicated in the fact that several colleges, such as Holy Cross, are abandoning standardized tests in their admissions processes.
Introduction
Standardized Tests and Bias in College Admissions: Several Case Studies
The SAT's Racial Bias - If This Test Didn't Work, What of NCLB and AYP?
With This Discrepancy In Standardized Testing, How Are NCLB and AYP Affected?
Conclusion
From the Paper "Most alarmingly, of the seven tests addressing "African American issues," four or 57% were "negative" or culturally unflattering and unappealing in nature. Those tests focused on the slavery experience and on the diminished rights, poverty, and racial/ethnic chauvinism faced by Black people in the United States. (Fleming, 2000) The three "positive," or culturally celebratory, tests addressed Harlem (New York City) politics in transition, William H. Johnson's paintings, and a memoir of a Black leader - as the popular sarcastic phrase in the industry notes, the rest of the questions are about polo and fly fishing, activities in which, for both social and economic reasons, African Americans are hardly likely to engage. "
Tags: education, minorities, testing, school, success, university
Abstract The essay evaluates three different intelligence or cognitive tests, namely Raven's test, the Mental Alertness test (HSRC) and the Cognitive Process Profile. These tests are used in both academic and workplace settings and are mainly critiqued in this essay according to their manual information, norm groups, reliability, purpose, and item content.
From the Paper "Intelligence tests are being used increasingly to assist individuals in educational planning, and in making decisions about aspects of their own lives" (Anastasi & Urbina, 1997). Raven's tests have been described as "tests of observation and clear thinking"( Raven et al., 1998, p.657). The Mental Alertness test is to provide measures of general intelligence, arithmetical ability and certain language abilities (Lombard, 1975). A strength of the Cognitive Process Profile is that it measures learning potential and involves a teach-test-teach approach (CPP Manual, 2000).?
Abstract This book presents a review of a book about standardized tests by G.W. Bracey, "Put to the Test: An Educator's and Consumer's Guide to Standardized Testing." The paper discusses Bracey's thesis that tests have grown beyond their ability to serve useful educational purposes.
From the Paper "The big pedagogic picture of Put to the Test is that it is a reality check on what Bracey analyzes as the blind faith that has been put in standardized-test scores as far as predicting the academic success or failure of students is concerned ..."
Abstract This paper studies the subtle cultural biases contained in standardized tests, including IQ tests. The paper asks whether this bias unfairly penalizes those who are not white and middle-class. The paper presents counter-arguments that while significant cultural differences might distort test findings in general, IQ tests are not biased in this way. The paper concludes that IQ tests in particular are constructed so that they can fairly assess intelligence of anyone who has grown up in the United States and can read English.
Abstract This paper discusses two attitudes toward animal testing in medical research, one desirous of ending such testing and the other supporting such testing. According to this paper, those who support such testing also hold that animals have moral significance, but that human beings have to be given more consideration than do animals, so therefore testing to end human diseases needs to be conducted.
From the Paper "The use of animals in medical research has been much criticized for many years. In 1955, the Humane Society of the United States passed a resolution noting that at least 50,000,000 animals were used each year in American laboratories, many in ways causing great and prolonged pain and suffering, many inhumanely housed and cared for. The resolution stated that it was the moral duty of every human society to inform itself about these matters and to take all possible action to prevent cruelty to these animals. Because of this, the Humane Society undertook a systematic study of the use and care of animals in laboratories (Humane Society of the United States 1). After the study by the Humane Society, the group concluded that animal research was a problem and that efforts should be taken to stop it."
Abstract The paper analyzes standardized testing used by the Education Quality and Accountability Office (EQAO), an independent agency that evaluates the quality of education in the Ontario. Th paper discusses the province-wide tests administered by the EQAO, including the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT) for Grade 10 students, reading, writing and math tests for Grade 3 and 6, and math tests for Grade 9.
From the Paper "The government of Ontario appointed the Education Quality and Accountability Office (EQAO) in 1995, as an independent agency to evaluate the quality of education in the province. One of the most important things EQAO does is to administer province-wide tests. These include the Ontario Secondary School Literacy Test (OSSLT) for Grade 10 students, reading, writing and math tests for Grade 3 and 6, and math tests for Grade 9 (EQAO, Sept., 2005). The EQAO stated in its most recent provincial report that: EQAO is a vital part of the education community."
