Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that roadway congestion is a significant problem for nations with an active motorist population, especially in urban areas. The writer points out that traditional efforts to combat congestion have typically focused on increasing capacity through increases in roadway infrastructure. The writer then claims that research has shown, however, that these methods are ultimately ineffective for controlling congestion and its associated ills. Economists have long seen the value in associating usage costs with roadways in order to control congestion and encourage more efficient resource use. The writer relates that with technology finally catching up to this ideal, roadway-pricing schemes are becoming more popular in cities throughout the world. The writer concludes that a consideration of the pros and cons of pricing strategies implemented in London and Stockholm, and proposed in New York City, reveals that while there is still significant political and public resistance, the strategies are effective at achieving their stated goals.

Outline:
Introduction
The Myriad Negative Effects of Persistent Congestion
Why Congestion Continues Despite Increased Expenditures on Highway Infrastructure
Variable Congestion Pricing as a Viable Solution
Schemes to Alleviate the Problem of Urban Congestion
London: a System at Work
Stockholm: a Seven-Month Experiment Ready for Implementation
New York City: Public and Political Resistance
Schemes for Controlling Roadway Congestion
Analysis of the Costs and Benefits
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Congestion, both in urban centers and on connecting highways, has become a major problem for the transportation networks of cities throughout the world. In the world's major metropolises, the issue has become particularly acute, with congestion having profound negative effects on air quality, travel time, the cost of goods and services, and the general livability of cities. Congestion problems are literally becoming a liability for these cities. As the pressure of congestion increases, the capacity of a given city to function effectively is greatly diminished, resulting in hidden and overt costs for individuals, businesses, and public resources. The net effect, then, of congestion has been consistently deleterious."

Tags:roadway, motorist, traffic, travel

Abstract
Collective efficacy, social capital and community empowerment have all been suggested to play a vital role in reducing and controlling crime in communities. Not surprisingly, many communities targeted for change are those that suffer disadvantage, being exposed to risk factors such as unemployment, family instability, low education levels and poverty. This paper addresses the challenges faced when implementing capacity building programs, and evaluates the evidence for the effectiveness of these approaches in reducing crime.

From the Paper
"Not only does this get the community helping themselves, but also bestows a sense of empowerment on them and makes them feel important and a valued member of society who can make a change in their community; this empowerment may have not been the initial aim of the program but filters through automatically due to the sense of accomplishment an individual feels. Empowerment can be the most important aim in any community development that takes place as it "provides people with the recourses, opportunities, knowledge and skills" to change their own future and to contribute to the entire community."

Tags:Pathways, Model, criminal, Latency, Model, social, capital

Abstract
This paper reviews the planning, control and protection of physical and financial resources in a business environment in the U.K. (United Kingdom). The results of the review are presented in topical discussions.

Tags:Internal, controls, Financial, efficiency, Opportunity, costs

Abstract
This paper explains that the governments in George Orwell's "Nineteen Eighty-Four" and Ray Bradbury's "Fahrenheit 451" have fed so many lies to the denizens that the commoners no longer know right from wrong, truth from fiction. The author points out that the government of "Nineteen Eighty-Four" goes so far as to change history as recent as the previous day to adulate the current state of the ever present all-knowing Party; the powers in "Fahrenheit 451" do not merely change written history, they ban it altogether. The paper stresses that these governments control the common people through the manipulation of language. Quotations.

From the Paper
"As in the novel "Animal Farm", there is a small spark of rebellion in "Nineteen Eighty-Four". The situation is the same as the one that exists in "Fahrenheit 451" -- the exile against the whole system. Orwell wrote this way because this is how he viewed present society. The point of view is exactly the same -- the hated [pigs, politicians] are in charge, while the dumb illiterate mass [animals, proles] goes on in very much the same in its own ways, protected by its very stupidity. "Nineteen Eighty-Four" is written in such a desperate tone because Orwell realized that on such a construction the exile had no possible chance of winning."

Tags:solipsism, proles, lies, manipulation, rebellion

Abstract
The paper discusses how the global economy has increased competitive factors in industry immensely, and, additionally, the constantly decreasing cost of technology and technology related strategies in the workplace ensure that companies the globe over have access to increasingly equal business solutions. The paper explains that the outcome is that it is more difficult to attain a competitive advantage in the business environment regardless of industry. The paper then shows how these factors and others have led to the prioritization of the employee and the workforce as one of the strongest and most certain strategies to achieve competitive differentiation in the marketplace.

From the Paper
"The global economy has increased competitive factors in industry immensely. Additionally, the constantly decreasing cost of technology and technology related strategies in the workplace ensure that companies the globe over have access to increasingly equal business solutions. The outcome is that it is more difficult to attain a competitive advantage in the business environment regardless of industry. These factors and others have led to the prioritization of the employee and the workforce as one of the strongest and most certain strategies to achieve competitive..."

Tags:controlling, absenteeism, workplace

Abstract
The paper looks at the introduction of Medicare and Medicaid, managed care and cost controls that have been utilized to lower healthcare costs. The paper argues that in order to achieve improved performance, the US needs to implement more effective strategies to measure health outcomes, ensure a higher degree of price sensitivity among purchasers and correct its administrative efficiencies. The paper maintains that the focus of legislators needs to be upon health as a value and on health priorities rather than on fragmented strategies for controlling healthcare costs. The paper includes graphs of Medicare and Medicaid statistics.

From the Paper
"The central problem with the US healthcare system appears to be related to perspective. Efforts to control costs have predominated over the delivery of quality health care. The goal of limiting government and private expenditures for health care while improving health outcomes results in health care productivity being a significant policy issue not only in the United States but across the globe. Although productivity is only one aspect of the performance of any health care system, improvements in productivity can make it easier to achieve other health system goals, such as greater access to care and protection from the financial losses resulting from ill health. Ever since the mid-1970s, the US healthcare system has been troubled with three major concerns: quality, costs and access (Odom & Garcia, 2005)."

Tags:malpractice, suits, managed, care, Medicare, Medicaid

Abstract
This paper is a research on the possibility of controlling organized crime. The author identifies drug trafficking, advancements in technology, and cultural problems in today's society as three problems that have major relevance and ties to organized crime and discusses how these factors led to the rise of organized crime in recent years. The author also discusses five different behavioral theories to aid the understanding of why individuals choose to lead lives the way they do. The paper also suggests potential solutions that federal departments in the U.S, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Department of Defense can adopt in enforcement efforts against organized crime.

Outline:
Drug Trafficking
Advancements in Technology
Cultural Problems
Methodology
Anomie Theory
Differential Association
Differential Opportunity
Social Control Theory
Subcultures and Social Disorganization
Potential Solutions
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"The mere mention of organized crime sends a chill through our people, and is a sometimes overlooked word that is always associated with television and movie fantasy. So the question still remains. How do we control organized crime? That will be the main topic of our research, and with empirical data and research, supporting articles and documents, and statistical research, we will work a theory on how organized crime may somehow be controlled. We must look at the big picture and how organized crime affects our society. We look at the picture and break it down individually to the very root of it. This question is a question that will always be asked of not only of our nation, but also of the international community. Organized crime is not only a prevalent issue in our American society, but also that of many other countries."

Tags:behavioral theories, law and policy, drug trafficking, society culture technology

Abstract
The paper argues that understanding the nature of workplace aggression is the first step in developing a plan of management to help mediate the negative effects of aggression in the workplace and improve the quality of the work environment. The paper offers a discussion on the nature of workplace aggression and proposes some suggestions for the basis of effective aggression management.

From the Paper
"Workplace aggression is one of the most significant psychological and physical dangers facing the modern workforce. In fact, by some accounts, the scope and intensity of workplace aggression is increasing, leading to greater incidences of employee-leveled aggression and diminished organizational productivity (Kennedy par. 3). Understanding the nature of workplace aggression is the first step in developing a plan of management to help mediate the negative effects of aggression in the workplace and improve the quality of the work environment. This study will examine such understanding and propose some suggestions for the basis of effective..."

Tags:workplace, aggression, understanding

Abstract
This paper argues that, in order to create a balance between terrorism and law and order, we must put into place certain limits, jurisdictions, and blocks that will ensure that governments cannot react emotionally when under terrorist attack. It argues that the law enforcement agencies should be allowed to act under global legislation and must be held accountable under the same.

From the Paper
"A suicide bomber in Palestine, a bomb blast in Spain, a government sponsored assassination by Israel, a sniper in the US, illegal detention of civilians under suspicion, in Cuba, a chemical gas attack in Japan are all examples of violence and yet, some are deemed acts of terrorism while others acts to contain terrorism. This blending of the two has become so complete that the world no longer knows when to protest and when to remain silent."

Tags:global, terror, legislation

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that as advances in technology and science sprint into the 21st century, the goal is for law enforcement agencies and government bodies to embrace international teamwork in conjunction with new technology as a means of eradicating organized crime. This paper endeavors to highlight how such a laudable objective may be achieved. The writer maintains that in the pursuit of combating organized crime little use can be made of technological advances if agencies throughout the world do not collaborate with solidarity and function as a cohesive and unified group. The writer concludes that in order to combat organized criminal activity a joint endeavor from international law enforcement agencies, in conjunction with the employment of technology used for the management and analysis of information should be pursued with assertion while each nation endeavors to respect laws and customs of independent nations.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem Identification
Methodology - Line of Attack
Solutions
Conclusion

From the Paper
" Governments throughout the world have been fighting organized criminal organizations for generations. As the organized crime groups have joined forces to increase their ability to beat the government, government and law enforcement agencies throughout the world must endeavor to join forces in order to intercept, attack and finally defeat the ever changing and growing industry of organized crime. A desperate need for greater political commitment from the governments of the world exists today. Sharing information, intelligence, strategies and resources from one agency to another is a must for international and domestic governments. However, this collaboration between various agencies must also extend to the obliteration of corruption that exists within governments at all levels. Government and political solidarity that will target and decimate organized crime across the globe is tantamount for the success combating organized crime and will act as a foundation for generations to follow."

Tags:law, enforcement, combat, networking