Abstract
Eugenics ("good birth" in Greek) was developed in 1883 by Francis Galton. He believed that we should be able to create a genetically superior human being through good breeding. This paper explores the history of Eugenics, as well as discusses its place in contemporary times. It relates this science to the American policy of sterilization of the masses. The paper takes a critical view of eugenics and explains its points from a philosophical, moral and legal perspective.

From the Paper
"A modern form of eugenics allows people to screen their genes for desirable traits. Gene substitution techniques can insert functional genes to compensate for defective ones. This same philosophy is used on race horses, corn crops and cattle. However, the reason that they benefit from controlled reproduction is because superior breeding produces more money. Since human beings don't have a monetary value, this philosophy should not apply."

Tags:darwin, genetics, genome

Abstract
Using a four step protocol to study an environmental hazard control situation, this paper analyzes the use of Malathion to prevent exposure to the West Nile virus by mosquitoes, which breed in standing water. The paper assesses the dangers of both exposure to Malathion and to this virus, especially in the case of Mexican-American field workers. Thus, the paper concludes that erring on the side of caution and spraying with Malathion seems to be the better option.

Table of Contents:
Step 1. Hazard Identification
Step 2. Dose-Response Assessment
Step 3. Exposure Assessment
Step 4. Risk Characterization

From the Paper
"Mild exposure to both West Nile Virus and the insecticide designed to prevent it by killing the carrier mosquitoes can cause headaches, nausea and vomiting, and general weakness. Eighty percent of those exposed to West Nile show no symptoms at all, but 1 in 150 can sustain permanent neurological damage. High doses of Malathion include hypertension, pallor, abdominal pain, sweating, blurred vision, poor concentration, confusion, and memory loss."

Tags:dose, birth defects, education residues agriculture

Abstract
This paper details the various holidays and festivals celebrated in Roman times. The author discusses some of the traditions and customs that people abided by and examines the way these are similar to today's society.

From the paper:

"Holidays, most often religious festivals, were common in ancient Rome. Holidays were considered important by Romans because they used them to win the support of the gods who controlled the weather, crop growth, animal breeding, etc. Holidays were also declared to celebrate a military victory. Slaves bathed only on holidays."

Tags:ludi, military, religion, rome, sacrifice, victory

Abstract
This undergraduate paper is an examination of the argument over regulation of the Internet. On one hand, there is the point of view that the Internet is a breeding ground for criminal and immoral behavior. On the other, there is the argument that controls would be the same as a limitation of free speech. The paper concludes that, ultimately, controls will be placed upon the Internet and that, hopefully, they will be rational and well thought out.

Abstract
The paper aims to demonstrate how businesses can become breeding grounds for white collar crime in the current corporate culture and uses Madoff Securities, which collapsed after a plethora of fraudulent and unethical business practices were exposed, as the focus of the paper. The paper explains how Bernard Madoff felt that he could manipulate the market and control every outcome for his benefit. The paper discusses Madoff's arrogance, deception, stakeholder management, and his many unethical strategies. The paper further discusses how the Madoff case is an example of a breach of social obligation, since his fraudulent activity destroyed the community he served. The paper argues that businesses must be actively involved in preventing and detecting fraudulent behavior and, there must be more business ethics education and training at all levels.

From the Paper
"Ever since the disclosure that Bernard Madoff's investment fund was an unprecedented Ponzi scheme; businesses have fallen under intense public pressure. Even though Mr. Madoff was arrested December 11, 2008 the public distrust in Wall Street business practices has grown. Madoff developed a culture of independence and egotism. His powers of persuasion helped him create profits for himself, while keeping any suspicion of fraud swept under the rug. Madoff's actions continue to damage private investors, charities, and the overall health of the world economy. Unless fundamental changes are made in favor of accountability, we will likely see future cases of fraud bubble up from the bowels of Wall Street."

Tags:scandal, arrogance, deception, stakeholder, management, social, obligation

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that although Garrett Hardin's essay entitled "The Tragedy of the Commons" was written nearly 40 years ago, it has even more impact today than when it was written, as we watch the population of the world continue to climb exponentially. The writer points out that Hardin's concern with overpopulation caused by, as he terms it, "the freedom to breed" is prevalent in all parts of the world today. In the third world where population is increasing at the greatest rate, starvation and disease run rampant. The writer further discusses that in the industrial world, the current population is beginning to tax natural resources such as fossil fuels, land and water just as Hardin predicted. The writer concludes that what Hardin saw 40 years ago is still true today, population growth must be controlled.

From the Paper
"In this example, Hardin explores the idea of how people really are looking out for their own best interest with no regard for or unintentional benefit for the common good. Hardin asks the reader to imagine a pasture that is open to all to use. At more primitive times, overpopulation of the pasture by animals did not occur due to natural attrition. However, in more modern times, a point will occur when the balance will be tipped. Adding one more animal to the grazing land will cause it to be overpopulated. Nevertheless, the individual herders weigh their options and determine that they will benefit more personally by adding additional animals and the negative consequences are slight in comparison. If all of the herdsmen add animals, eventually they will being it to ruin.
To give this example more impact, Hardin looks to the National Parks as a modern example of how the lack of limits placed on individuals can destroy something."

Tags:overpopulation, resources, growth, public

Abstract
This paper examines the book, "Maggie, A Girl of the Streets", showing that all the working-class people represented in the novel are victims, abused by the social forces beyond their control and by one another. The anger and anxiety that this type of lifestyle breeds is quenched only by the self-destructive and violent rages unleashed against one another. The paper shows that Maggie is the only character who tries to bridge these destructive forces and falls between the cracks separating the distinct generations of working poor.

From the Paper
"The real story of Maggie, A Girl of the Streets is one of self abhorrence and pointless violence aimed in the wrong direction. Hate, degradation and self-annihilation, are the rule of order in Crane's Bowery society in that instead of fighting the external forces that oppress the inhabitants, their rage is turned inwards; the results are a general loss of self-esteem and violent interactions amongst themselves. In the 19th Century, "the slums had generally appeared to the middle class as a foil, an ethical morass short on character", however their opinion of the working class was shortsighted for it neglected the human cause of the perceived immorality, namely, the inhuman conditions."

Tags:bowery, crane, destruction, girl, maggie, self, stephen, streets

Abstract
This paper examines how the idea of copyrighting television formats has become a prevalent area of debate in recent years, partly due to the increased global marketing/trade in television today and partly due to the changing nature of our television viewing habits and the types of programs on offer to the public at large. It looks at how the ingress of "Reality Television" onto our screens has sparked widespread comment on whether format rights should be available to broadcasting companies and program creators alike, in order firstly to protect them from infringement and secondly to "protect" the public from an influx of similar programs. It puts forward the author's belief that by allowing format rights in television programs, one is not only radically extending what is considered to be a dramatic work for the purposes of copyright law, but by giving this type of control to production companies one is narrowing the public's right to choose and only taking from an ever diminishing public domain.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Trash Television, "Tabloid Culture" and the Emergence of the "Real".
The Dramatic Work " A Reality
Opportunity Knocks"
The Consultative Document and the Possible End of Format Rights
The Format Trade
The New Breed of "Real" Format Rights
A Step Too Far
End of a Genre"
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The Format Recognition and Protection Association believes that there is no protection of formats at present which is good enough to meet the need, and their aim is "to promote to producers, broadcasters and the law, the concept of formats as unique, intellectual properties". There are however other, and possibly better ways to protect these types of programmes. Trademarks, although not able to protect the format of a show per se, will protect the titles, and it is becoming increasingly more common to do this , with shows like "Who Wants to be a Millionaire" and "The Weakest Link" which are almost internationally known brands of television. This may well have helped Hughie Green in the Opportunity Knocks Case, whose title was also used by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corp."

Tags:intellectual, law, patents, property, reality, trademarks

Abstract
This paper explains that eugenic euthanasia means the active or passive killing of 'defective' babies for the betterment of heredity. From Martin S. Pernick's book "The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of "Defective" Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures since 1915", the author relates the story of Dr.Haiselden, who publicized the death of baby Bollinger. Haiselden's idea of withholding treatment of 'defective' babies, the paper relates, won the acceptance of many Americans, including physicians and parents thereby changing professional beliefs about eugenic euthanasia from the late nineteenth century to the early years of the twentieth century.

From the Paper
"The meaning of the word 'heredity' also changed from the late nineteenth century to the times of Haiselden. The professionals of the late nineteenth century believed heredity was not permanent. If a parent had passed on good habits to one generation those habits could be ruined and lost by another generation. Thus emphasis was put on improving the environment instead of controlling breeding. They believed if one's life conditions could be improved their children would inherit the goods."

Tags:hereditary suffering burden media, controlled breeding

From the Paper
"These ideas regarding the selection of the human species are generally referred to as "Social Darwinism." Francis Galton, who first believed that an artificial form of natural selection was needed for the human species, defined eugenics as "the scientific improvement of the human race germ plasm through better breeding." "

Tags:evolution, breeding, charles, control, darwin, darwinism, eugenic, francis, galton, genetic, genetics, natural, plato, population, selection, social, socialism