Abstract
This paper discusses how Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and William James, some of the best known theorists among the field of psychology, have influenced the study of psychology in the past, present, and future. The author reflects on the impact these individuals had on psychology, and recognizes the perspectives concerning the causes and the nature of human psychological functioning and the basic theoretical position of each theorist.

From the Paper
" Sigmund Freud, founder of the psychoanalytic theory, became a prolific writer and although some theorists have presented many arguments regarding his idea, many have continued supporting his basic ideals and building their own personal theories. Freud's initial theory began on the premise of the fundamental idea that humans are born with an unconscious sexual drive as well as defenses against them. Freud also believed that one who had no sex drive was unnatural (Burger, 2008). Freud then correlated the interpretation of dreams into his theory that proved to be an important aspect of the psychoanalytical movement (Botstein, 2007). Although Freud was a man with a strong mind and appeared extremely head strong in his beliefs regarding the human mind he still had many followers. Freud believed that one goes through developmental stages and spent many years studying the course of each stage of life and the mind during each particular stage. Freud also describes the structure of these stages by the actions taken and based upon the psychic energy; libido, khanates, and finite, perhaps the reason for sex drive and the sensation. Not only did Freud identify the energies that psychic holds but Freud also studied the defense mechanisms used by the human mind; denial, avoidance, displacement, and repression. Freud's combination of energies, defense mechanisms and the concept of the mind prove to be a standing theory that has perhaps generated debate in many of the other theorists known to psychology."

Tags:theoretical, theories, psychological, dreams

Abstract
This paper looks at some of the better known contributors to political philosophy. The author looks at the personality behind each contributor and centers on what each one contributed to political philosophy. The paper looks at how each personality has helped form the ideas and attitudes that are so prominent in today's study of political philosophy. The paper concludes with a general summation of the importance of these contributors. Introduction Forward Synopsis

From the Paper
"Locke's view raised the question of the extent to which ideas are like the objects that cause them. His answer was that only some qualities of objects are like ideas. He held that primary qualities of objects, or the mathematically determinable qualities of an object, such as shape, motion, weight, and number, exist in the world, and that ideas copy them. Secondary qualities, those, which arise from the senses, do not exist in objects as they exist in ideas."

Tags:thinkers, ethical, Jean, Jacques, Rousseau, Thomas, Hobbes, John, Locke, Hugo, Grotius, Edmund, Burke, Jean, Bodin

Abstract
The essay explains how there was a formal structure in place in the Tenerife incident where each person had a specific role to play and yet stress managed to complicate the situation. It goes into greater detail regarding the various elements of group dynamics including structure/status, hierarchy/roles, norms, leadership, cohesiveness and conflict.

From the Paper
"In order for groups to function effectively, a structure must be in place. This structure may be formal or informal. In the Tenerife example, the structure was formal and followed a hierarchy in which each main player held a specific status and role. The airport controllers give direction to the pilots and coordinate movements of aircrafts. Aboard the plane, the captain was the designated leader (years of experience, decorations, and image added to his legitimate authority and control), and the copilot and engineer where his subordinates."

Tags:stress, authority, judgment, cognitive, behavioral

Abstract
This paper explains that the mass media is one of the most dominant and pervasive elements in American culture because the citizens' very attitudes, opinions, beliefs and values are greatly affected by the various media formats such as television, the internet, radio, newspapers and magazines. The author points out the reason that the media is so centrally and inseparably affiliated with democracy in the United States is because, in order for a government to be truly governed by the people, it is a prerequisite that the minds of the people are not controlled by some overriding force. The paper relates that existing factors, such as profitability goals, ownership of the media concentrated in the hands of a few and homogenousity in the range of issues, opinions and events presented, are dangerous to democracy.

From the Paper
"Another avenue by which the media facilitates the democratic process is by exposing individuals to the opinions, beliefs, and perspectives of others. In such a manner, individuals are made to look at a situation from a different vantage point which in turn may cause them to re-evaluate their own thinking. Be it the Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, capital punishment, or abortion, the media gives us access to the thinking and reasoning of others. The media also operates and aids the democratic process by presenting issues in a concise and understandable manner. With the vast amount of information available, and the myriad number of happenings around the world, the media's ability to summarize, organize, and convey information is of utmost importance. If we were to receive raw information and data, without any media interference, most of us would be hard pressed to make sense out of the vast majority of issues at hand. Additionally, the media (or at least some avenue of the media) will tend to give virtually anyone the opportunity to speak their mind."

Tags:ownership, style, cornerstone, constitution, propagandist

Abstract
This paper deals with the historical development of educational funding and the several attempts over the past 40 years to equalize funding between rich and poor communities. The paper then presents three case studies of states that have adopted new programs that try to eliminate much of the disparity while recognizing the race and community issues associated with underprivileged schools. This paper seeks to urge that these alternatives be adopted nationally.

From the Paper
"There has seldom been doubt throughout much of American history that the State does not have a responsibility to educate its citizens. Although this doctrine holds true, there is undoubtedly a strong public sentiment that a state should provide quality education for all. However, it is also clear that what is considered "quality" does not amount to the same thing for every student. Although the Supreme Court has largely eliminated overt race and gender discrimination, the fight has moved to hide the racial division with something more politically correct money. The current system of school financing in most states undoubtedly furthers racial division within the United States."

Tags:class, law, race, sociology, suburban, urban, supreme, court, brown, board, public, school, constitution, district, rodriguez, rose, state, due, process, equal, protection, clause, basic, brigham, bennet, robinson, cahill

Abstract
This paper looks at several theories of the social and familial causes of incest, primarily in western patriarchal society. The paper also examines the social and cultural taboos against incest and briefly discusses some of these theories. Predominant factors believe to contribute to incest are emotional and social imbalances in the perpetrator and other family problems as well as socioeconomic status.

From the Paper
"Incest is a very difficult subject for many people, because of the social taboos that it forces us to address, and often because of fears and past history many people have had. Some scholars believe that there are concrete biological arguments against incest, and that the social and cultural taboos against incest reinforce these biological imperatives. For these reasons it is important to understand what the social contributors to incest might be and why they can be so traumatizing to an individual and a society. The development of incest taboos has been linked by such authors as Seligman and Levi-Strauss to the advancement of societal norms that allow for better functioning family groups which are in turn necessary for the advancement of the larger society (Vander Mey & Neff, 1986, p. 24). "

Tags:incest, social, family

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the definition and usage of collaboration in nursing and healthcare. An exemplar format is used in order to provide a clear practical meaning to the information given. The exemplar demonstrates the ways in which collaboration in nursing can be used to provide better quality of care for the patient and increase the support network available to the nursing staff. The writer maintains that the concept of collaborative patient-centered care in the primary health care setting is essential to ensure that the patient receives optimal treatment. The writer concludes that collaboration not only provides a better quality of care to the patient, but also ensures that every member of the health care team is acknowledged as a valued contributor.

Outline:
Introduction
Defining Collaboration
Defining Attributes
Model Case
What the Concept is Not
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Although there are various perspectives apparent for the concept of collaboration, this piece will concentrate on the concept from the perspective of patient-centered care. From the literature review it is possible to compile a set of defining attributes for the concept of collaboration. These characteristics are reflective of the ways in which the parties involved interact to meet a common purpose. Firstly, collaboration involves the establishment of a common purpose to all parties involved. There should be a clear definition of the various roles which each party will take to achieve this purpose. Each member taking part in the collaboration should be respected as a valued partner in the collaboration. Each partner's knowledge and skills should be respected and utilized, with every partner participating in achieving the purpose. It is only if all of these defining attributes are met that the concept of collaboration is achieved as opposed to simply referral."

Tags:patient, care, benefits, contributor

Abstract
This paper identifies both an early contributor to sociology, as well as, a more recent contributor to the discipline. The essay relates the important contributions of Neil Smelser, famous for his work in collective behavior and economic sociology, and Alice Rossi, famous for her work regarding the family and gender. The paper emphasizes these individuals' contributions, what they had in common and their importance to sociology.

Outline:
Neil Smelser
Collective Behavior
Economic Sociology
Alice Rossi
Gender and the Family
Conclusion

From the Paper
" Neil Smelser is an early contributor to sociology for which he is most identified with his theory of collective behavior, which was inspired by the British working classes' discontentment during the Industrial Revolution. In Smelser's book, The Theory of Collective Behavior, he identifies the problem as the "dramatic behavior" of civilized men. He further goes on to identify such dramatic behavior as a craze, riot, or revolution that men react emotionally to. Smelser notes that curiosity of such dramatic behavior by thinkers in sociology and social psychology, collective behavior has evolved into division these disciplines. He further goes on to say in the introduction of his book, The Theory of Collective Behavior (1962) that "Our aim in this study is to reduce this residue of indeterminacy which lingers in explanations of collective outbursts. Although wild rumors, crazes, panics, riots, and revolutions are surprising, they occur with regularity. "

Tags:equality, collective, behavior

Abstract
The thesis of this paper is that there are many causal contributors to aggression, but the most significant contributor to the development and maintenance of aggressive behavior consists of learning mechanisms. Support for this thesis was said to be found in the facts that: (1) non-learning theory models have only limited support in the existing research; (2)non-learning theory models are not as comprehensive explanatory frameworks as learning theory models; and (3)learning theory models have extensive research support and explain aggressive behavior in most of the population.

From the Paper
"Adams defines aggression as behavior designed to intentionally harm or cause pain to another. The search for the underlying causes of aggression has long been one of the most focused upon areas of human psychology, and part of this focus has been the search to discover what factors give rise to it. In this regard, contemporary psychology holds that aggression is multiply determined, which is to say that it has several causes. However, the thesis of this report is that primarily..."

Tags:aggression, learning theories, behavior

Abstract
In this paper the author looks at the life and history of the cheetah, considered to be one of the fastest and most powerful animals on earth. The author examines information derived from fossils showing that the modern day cheetah is not far genetically, from its ancestor. The paper also mentions loss of habitat, poaching, high infant mortality rates, and less prey available as contributors to killing off the cheetah. But the main contributor to the cheetah's diminishing profile is due to humans hunting them. Despite all of these elements against it, the cheetah has still survived. In conclusion the author points out that in order for the cheetah not to completely disappear, mankind needs to be a bit more thoughtful in its treatment towards the animal.

From the Paper
"One other interesting twist affects the cheetah's attempts to outlast the opposition. A relatively new mutation appears to have occurred in the species. Discovered in Zimbabwe in 1926, the King cheetah was first thought to be another subspecies , but is now recognized as a new mutation. The first photographic evidence of this "new" cheetah was taken in Kruger National Park in 1974. The markings of the King cheetah are larger and the spots are connected in a blotchy pattern, as opposed to the smaller, distinct spots of the traditional cheetah. It's believed that the King cheetah's markings are the result of a recessive gene. Since the two cheetahs are of the same species, they can interbreed and produce fertile cubs of both types."

Tags:cat, asia, cubs, pets, sprint, kill, predators, miles