Abstract An essay discussing the various contributions of the Turner Foundation to the environment. The author examines the financial and volunteer labor that this foundation has offered and the positive impact on health and the local environment that these type of efforts make.
From the Paper "Ted Turner is perfectly happy to pour money down the drain ? at least, if it can help preserve the quality of America's waters, and especially the rivers that feed into and out of Georgia. The money contributed by his Turner Foundation along with contributions in terms of volunteer labor to the local environment given by workers from his companies have had a substantial positive impact on the health of the local environment and local waterways, especially the Chattahoochee River. His work demonstrates that corporations can be responsible and that the work of an individual passionately committed to a cause can make a substantial difference."
Abstract This paper explains that contribution pay, which is a relatively new concept, combines elements of both performance and competency based pay schemes by recognizing employee achievements and competencies: (1) Employees are paid based on not only their individual job performance but also on their knowledge, skills and attitude, (2) pay is based on an employee's contribution and not just the set goals at hand and (3) employees can be judged on their merits rather than judged solely by a manager's personal discretion. The author points out that, aside from contribution pay, non-monetary incentive schemes also are effective ways of motivating employees because they might not tend to spend money on those rewards, such as travel and parking places, out of their own pockets. The paper relates that contribution pay, non-monetary rewards and a higher general pay are based on natural motivators such as recognition, peer pressure and obligation to work hard; however, ultimately, motivating employees comes down to good management and fair treatment because employees often reflect their environments.
From the Paper "Being hired at a higher salary motivates employee performance in the sense that an employee knows that they will lose a secure position if they are not productive contributors. There is no added pressure of having to meet certain output or sales goals to achieve more money. The financial rewards are already there. All one has to do is meet managerial expectations to maintain their already high status. When an employee exceeds expectation, they are usually rewarded with an annual raise. Furthermore, an employee whose only concern is their salaries based on "units sold" or "numbers met," cannot focus on bigger issues. Those paid the higher salaries can focus on developmental issues, customer service and look at the overall goals of their company as a whole."
Abstract This paper shows that, despite the enormous contributions made by Asian-Americans to American capitalism, U.S. immigration policies did not grant citizenship status to Asian-Americans until later modifications to the U.S. Immigration Acts of the 1960s.
Paper Outline
Introduction
The 1965 U.S. Immigration Act
Asian-American Contributions to American Capitalism
The Growth of American Chinatowns
U.S. Congress Designates May as Asian/Pacific American Heritage Month
The Building of the Trans-U.S. Railroad
Asian-American Contributions to the U.S. Military
Conclusion
From the Paper "The Chinese were the first Asians to arrive in the US in large numbers. By the 1830s Chinese were selling goods in New York City and toiling in Hawaiian sugarcane fields. Gold was discovered in California in 1848, eventually attracting thousands of Chinese miners and contract laborers. Through such cheap labor provided by early Asian immigrants, there is no denial that American Capitalism directly benefited from such contributions. Early Japanese immigrants also came to Hawaii and California to work in agriculture."
Abstract This paper discusses the vast and significant number of contributions and inventions made throughout history by ancient Chinese civilization. The paper points out that China was the first to introduce a complete school system, made several contributions toward the study of mathematics, invented the seismograph and the compass and developed iron and steel. The paper continues to discuss other significant Chinese inventions that have contributed to the development of all of civilization including paper, fireworks, and the small pox inoculation.
From the Paper "The Chinese contributed to education by introducing the first complete school system during the Western Zhou Dynasty during 1100-771 BC. The school system consisted of a seven-year junior level, followed by nine years of a senior level education. The educational system "was integrated with an official selection system." These schools served as training places for officials and were run by the local government."
Abstract This paper discusses if revolution can contribute, in any way, to the international order. The author explains the important distinctions between the different types of revolutions and on what international order is based. After assessing to what extent revolution can contribute to the international order the author concludes that history does seems to show that revolutions, in the short term, always disrupt international order, and in the longer term, may contribute to international order in certain manners.
From the Paper "Revolution, from the Latin revolutia, i.e. turn around, is a normative process that has, throughout the last centuries, been at the centre of the reflexion about world politics. It has shaped new countries, brought others to perish and, most importantly, showed the crucial role of human agency in international relations. "It is a natural manure" as Thomas Jefferson wrote . History and reality have shown that, in its various forms, revolution has not only had an impact on the international system but has been a major factor in its formation , especially since the French and American revolutions, respectively in 1789 and 1776. There is less consensus however on its consequences on international order - the order in relations among states-, if any.
"Effectively, it seems at first contradictory that a revolution, as the overthrow of a settled order , can contribute, in any manner, to the international one. Nevertheless, the reductionism of this approach tends to put aside important elements that must be considered."
Abstract This paper discusses the significant contributions of Galileo Galilei to the field of mathematics. It provides a brief history of his life and then focuses on some examples of the contributions that he made to mathematics. The paper also discusses his misinterpreted-battle between science and religion and how it overshadows many of the other contributions that Galileo made during his lifetime as a scientist and mathematician.
From the Paper "We often hear of a Copernican revolution in science, but Galileo was the instigator of a much more fundamental revolution that influenced both science and mathematics. The worldview that Galileo created to replace the Aristotelian worldview that dominated at the time contended that the world was made up only of matter whose properties and motions could be described in terms of mathematics (Machamer). In other words, Galileo advanced the now-obvious notion that mathematics was nothing short of the language of the universe. Using mathematics, Galileo was able to describe and understand the mechanics of the universe, effectively gaining a deeper understanding of the way that the world is put together. This is Galileo's most significant contribution to mathematics. He removed the idle, superstitious philosophy from the study of the natural world and pushed mathematics to the forefront of natural inquiries, demonstrating again and again that it could be used to understand the way the world works."
Abstract This essay critically assesses the contribution of cultural sociology to the understanding of religion. It does this by first examining and summarizing how three "classical sociological theorists" (i.e.: Weber, Durkheim and Marx) see the nature of religion as a cultural form. It then looks at various recent theories of religion under globalization. The author then assesses the contribution that these cultural theories give to the understanding of real religious phenomena through examining whether they can help in an understanding of Islamic fundamentalism in general, and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Algeria specifically. The paper includes extensive use of quotes from the three theorists.
From the Paper "In fact, according to Giddens, Marx believed that religion is the "opium of the people" (Giddens, 1996, p464). In other words, Marx believed that religion defers happiness and rewards to the afterlife, teaching the acceptance of existing conditions in this life. This means that attention is diverted away from inequalities and injustices in this life by promising a better future in the Afterlife. In addition to this, Budd believes that Marx thought religion not only reflected the suffering of the working class, but offered a "fantasy escape" from that suffering (Budd, 1973). Marx believed that religion had a very powerful ideological element, and that religious beliefs and values often provide justifications of inequalities of wealth and power (Giddens, 1996). He further claims that religion often has ideological implications which serve to justify the interests of the ruling class at the expense of other subordinate classes (Giddens, 1996)."
Abstract This paper examines the history of rhetoric and it's significance in early Greek and Roman civilizations that coincided with creation of democracy and the importance of public speech. It then shows Kenneth Burke's contribution to the new rhetoric as an argumentative weapon and his influence on the post-modern deconstructionism.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Section One: The Preceding Conversation
3. Section Two: Contribution to the Conversation
4. Section Three: Effect on the Conversation
5. Conclusion
From the paper:
"The word "rhetoric" has an old fashioned air about it. It calls up images of schoolrooms with children in ruffled collars and Latin grammars and not a laptop in sight for several centuries. But rhetoric is as alive as is language itself, and this paper examines the importance of rhetorical studies in helping each of us to become the best writers and speakers ? the best communicators ? that we can be. A historical study of changes models and standards in rhetoric can also provide us not only with a sense of how linguistic and especially English style has changed over the years as well as illuminating how our conception of language and its structure and function have changed as well. This paper engages in such an examination by focusing on the work of Kenneth Burke. We begin with a brief overview of the life of this man whose rhetorical work we will then examine."
Abstract St. Thomas Aquinas contributed a great deal to the entirety of Christian Theology both during and after his life; particularly in his writings. St. Thomas, as he is referred to in short, was an astute Biblical scholar who was as devoted to the faith in human reason as he was in God. St. Thomas' tome, Summa Theological, is, literally, the summation of his understanding of theology. In this work Aquinas single-handedly justified and 'proved' the whole of the spiritual nature, the soul, God, and a Christian life. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the contributions of St. Thomas Aquinas to Christian theology and his impact upon Christianity itself.
Abstract This paper discusses the contribution of management theorists to the public sector management today. That contribution is only partially positive, but is not the fault of the theorists.
Abstract This paper discusses how Jefferson remains an icon of democracy and a heroic symbol associated with the foundation of the United States. This paper outlines and discusses the contributions that Jefferson made to the founding of the nation and explores his views and opinions on slavery and race relations.
I. Introduction
II. Personal Profile
III. Contributions to the Founding of the Nation
1) Religious Freedom
2) Declaration Of Independence
IV. Opinion of Slavery and Race Relations
V. Conclusion
VI. Bibliography
From the Paper "In order to understand Jefferson's contributions and his opinions regarding slavery it is important to discuss his personal background. By understanding Thomas Jefferson the person, we are better able to understand his contributions to the forming of the nation and his impact on slavery and race relations. Jefferson's impact on the forming of the nation is vast and it is with good reason that his accomplishments are considered to be nothing less than extraordinary for a man once called the "Apostle of Freedom" by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Considered by historian Dumas, as being a member of the "trinity of American immortals, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln" Jefferson's contributions to the founding of the nation are nothing short of remarkable. Described by many as truly a learned person, Jefferson's interests and intellect has been a focus of much historical research. Modern scholars? fascination with Jefferson the man, have produced countless works of Jefferson's personal and professional contributions."
Abstract This paper argues that, despite arguments to the contrary, decadence was not the message that 1960s-era rock stars communicated to society; the message was acceptance of the equality of races and the legitimacy of the demands of the Civil Rights Movement.
Outline
Pre-1960s: Attitude Towards the American Blacks
History of the Blacks in America
Music and Civil Rights Movement
Black Musicians and Contributions "Troubadours of Conscience"
Elvis Presley's Contribution Baez and Dylan
From the Paper "When the Civil Rights Movement began, it did so in an atmosphere that very strongly believed that the Black person was extremely inferior to the White person, and music became the best means of changing the dominant attitudes towards the Blacks. Music contributed to the Civil Rights Movement's cause for equality in two main ways. First was through the songs and musical style of popular white singers such as Elvis Presley, Joan Baez, Janis Joplin and Bob Dylan. Second was through the popularity achieved by Black entertainers as the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, the Temptations and many others, among the White people themselves."
Abstract This article examines Florence Nightingale's contributions to the nursing profession. The writer discusses how she transformed the whole practice of nursing into a profession. The writer uses different sources to demonstrate that Florence Nightingale's achievements produced many contributions to nursing theory in addition to the nursing practice.
From the Paper "Gorrell states that Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, transformed the practice into a respectable profession and set the standards for clean and safe hospitals throughout the world. The purpose of this paper is to review the multiple accomplishments of Florence Nightingale and their contribution to the nursing profession. Clearly one of the ways in which Florence Nightingale advanced the profession of nursing was in her concern for hygiene. Gillian points out that part and parcel of ... "
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses the background, career and scientific contributions of Friedrich August Kekule. The writer looks at this scientist, who put forward the theory of tetravelence for carbon and determined the structure of benzene. The writer explains the importance of Kekule's theories as these two scientific contributions are those upon which organic chemistry is based.
From the Paper "Friedrich August Kekule was born in Damstadt, Germany and attended the Gymnasium in his home town excelling at languages and drawing. He went on the University of Giessen planning to study architecture but after attending a lecture by Liebig of condenser fame, Kekule became fascinated with chemistry. He spent a year at home pondering a decision and decided to pursue an education in chemistry. Kekule studied in Paris under Dumas substitution theory and Gerhardt type theory then returned to Giessen to ... "
An overview of the contributions of both Smith and Marx, as well as an examination of both systems, which concludes that the market system is indeed preferable to laissez-faire.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 12 sources, 1999, $ 36.95
Abstract This paper provides a good overview of the contributions of both Smith and Marx, as well as a good examination of both systems, while coming to the conclusion that the market system is indeed, preferable to laissez-faire.
