Abstract
This paper explains that contribution pay, which is a relatively new concept, combines elements of both performance and competency based pay schemes by recognizing employee achievements and competencies: (1) Employees are paid based on not only their individual job performance but also on their knowledge, skills and attitude, (2) pay is based on an employee's contribution and not just the set goals at hand and (3) employees can be judged on their merits rather than judged solely by a manager's personal discretion. The author points out that, aside from contribution pay, non-monetary incentive schemes also are effective ways of motivating employees because they might not tend to spend money on those rewards, such as travel and parking places, out of their own pockets. The paper relates that contribution pay, non-monetary rewards and a higher general pay are based on natural motivators such as recognition, peer pressure and obligation to work hard; however, ultimately, motivating employees comes down to good management and fair treatment because employees often reflect their environments.

From the Paper
"Being hired at a higher salary motivates employee performance in the sense that an employee knows that they will lose a secure position if they are not productive contributors. There is no added pressure of having to meet certain output or sales goals to achieve more money. The financial rewards are already there. All one has to do is meet managerial expectations to maintain their already high status. When an employee exceeds expectation, they are usually rewarded with an annual raise. Furthermore, an employee whose only concern is their salaries based on "units sold" or "numbers met," cannot focus on bigger issues. Those paid the higher salaries can focus on developmental issues, customer service and look at the overall goals of their company as a whole."

Tags:hiring-pay, competency-based, non-monetary-incentive, management, sales

Abstract
This essay critically assesses the contribution of cultural sociology to the understanding of religion. It does this by first examining and summarizing how three "classical sociological theorists" (i.e.: Weber, Durkheim and Marx) see the nature of religion as a cultural form. It then looks at various recent theories of religion under globalization. The author then assesses the contribution that these cultural theories give to the understanding of real religious phenomena through examining whether they can help in an understanding of Islamic fundamentalism in general, and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Algeria specifically. The paper includes extensive use of quotes from the three theorists.

From the Paper
"In fact, according to Giddens, Marx believed that religion is the "opium of the people" (Giddens, 1996, p464). In other words, Marx believed that religion defers happiness and rewards to the afterlife, teaching the acceptance of existing conditions in this life. This means that attention is diverted away from inequalities and injustices in this life by promising a better future in the Afterlife. In addition to this, Budd believes that Marx thought religion not only reflected the suffering of the working class, but offered a "fantasy escape" from that suffering (Budd, 1973). Marx believed that religion had a very powerful ideological element, and that religious beliefs and values often provide justifications of inequalities of wealth and power (Giddens, 1996). He further claims that religion often has ideological implications which serve to justify the interests of the ruling class at the expense of other subordinate classes (Giddens, 1996)."

Tags:cultural, durkheim, fundamentalism, globalisation, islamic, marx, religion, sociology, weber

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is two-fold: to address the argument made in Peter Senge's book "The Necessary Revolution," and to discuss Senge's contribution to the field of strategy. The paper also aims to show that the new book's content is still tied into Senge's teaching of many years. In Senge's 2008 book, explains the paper, he addresses strategy, but he addresses it in a way that also focuses on sustainability. The paper defines organizational theory as how organizations operate in, influence, and are affected by the environment around them. The paper opines that the book's main argument is that businesses need to not only take care of themselves, but other businesses as well. The paper concludes that there are many facets to strategic planning that must be studied based on the culture and function of an organization as well as the business climate at that time.

From the Paper
"There are many problems that can still occur, and much of this has to do with whether the organization is based on a hierarchical structure that encourages bureaucracy (Senge, et al, 2008). In larger organizations this quite often occurs, although according to Robbins and Barnwell (1994) bureaucracies are still the most popular structural design in today's society. Robbins and Barnwell (1994) also state that these bureaucracies are designed to be efficient in handling different routing activities, and Senge (1992) agrees with much of this. Organizational design and strategic planning, however, are still extremely important as they contribute to the ability of the organization to deal with various innovations. Peter Senge has shown, whether studying his work in 1992 or the present day, that there are many facets to strategic planning and that it has to be studied based on the culture and function of an organization as well as the business climate at that time. If it is not studied in this way, it is much too easy to have serious problems with employees, customers, and the running of the business in general."

Tags:organizational, theory, business, operations, entrepreneurial, cooperation

Abstract
The following paper will look at Aquinas' contribution to the modern-day philosophy of law. As much as anything, Aquinas may be credited with bringing Aristotelian logic to the philosophical exploration of the law. Beyond that, Aristotle articulated - for medieval audiences - the notions of natural and divine law; while it may seem a small point, he really succeeded in bringing back into vogue the platonic notion that there were "ideal" forms - of which the law of God is surely one. Be that as it may (and it is rather confusing in many respects) Aquinas also brought into popularity the notion of positive law having a valence that was independent of whether or not it was under-girded by natural or divine law; in this regard, he may well have set the stage for the totalitarian excesses of the future (though that point should not be exaggerated or used to smear him). In any case, St. Thomas of Aquinas brought Aristotelian logic to the study of law and philosophy and may well have laid the foundation for modern legal positivism.

From the Paper
St. Thomas of Aquinas' Contribution to the Philosophy of Law The following paper will look at Aquinas' contribution to the modern-day philosophy of law. As much as anything, Aquinas may be credited with bringing Aristotelian logic to the philosophical exploration of the law. Beyond that, Aristotle articulated - for medieval audiences - the notions of natural and divine law; while it may seem a small point, he really succeeded in bringing back into vogue the platonic notion that there were "ideal" forms - of which the law of God is surely one. Be that as it may (and it is rather confusing in many respects) Aquinas also brought into popularity the notion of positive law having a valence that was

Tags:aquinas, philosophy, law

Abstract
This paper discusses Leonardo da Vinci's contribution to the modern world and how his creative thinking and inventions were based on his study of nature and its principles.

From the Paper
"Leonardo Da Vinci made a tremendous contribution to the modern world not only in terms of his art-which was exquisite-but also in terms of his mathematical and scientific thinking and the marvelous inventions that he designed. Da Vinci was a thinker ahead of his time and this was largely because he made a point of always being a student. He studied nature, mathematics and science, learning the interconnected relationships among them and the scientific bases for natural phenomena. This..."

Tags:Leonardo da Vinci, science, inventions, nature, sketches

Abstract
The following essay discusses Karl Marx's "Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy" in which he argued that people will come to the point of seeking revolutionary overthrow of their government when they recognize the ways in which they have been alienated from their own labor. In the second part of the essay the writer contends that this does not seem to have been the predominant philosophical force in the Nicaraguan Revolution.

From the Paper
"If we are to translate this into common English, we see that what Marx is arguing is that the real basis for society is not its culture but its economic structure, or what is more commonly today called the infrastructure. This economic structure includes a number of interdependent but clearly distinguishable parts: the material forces of production which is simply human labor and means of production, and (b) the overall relations of production which are the social and political arrangements that regulate production and distribution (such as copyright and patent law, labor law, labor unions)."

Tags:conditions, economic, theory, radical, vision, material, forces, of, production, political, superstructure, social, consciousness, .

Abstract
The parallel stories of Lear's and Gloucester's sufferings at the hands of their own children reflect anxieties that would have been close to home for Shakespeare's audience. This paper explains that many of William Shakespeare's plays feature a clown of some sort, and "King Lear" arguably has two such clowns: the Fool himself and Edgar in his later disguise as Tom O'Bedlam. This essay focuses on the character of the Fool in the play, and how he can be compared to Cordelia. The author of the paper considers the contribution he makes to the play and his importance to the play as a whole in terms of the influence he has over events and other characters. The paper concludes that "King Lear" would not be the same without the character of Fool.

From the Paper
"The word 'pined' again makes the Fool sound like a dog or puppy and suggests that there is some sort of connection between Cordelia and the Fool. They are linked in the text emotionally not only because the Fool is clearly upset when Cordelia is banished, but also because they are closest to Lear and loved most by him. It is noticeable that Cordelia and the Fool do not appear on stage at the same time at any point in the play."

Tags:Elizabethan, Kent, Oswald, Goneril

Abstract
The paper explores the literature on the using a sales force as a means to capture competitive and market intelligence. The paper examines the factors affecting the sales force's motivation to contribute market intelligence as well as the techniques and tools for gaining salespeople's support for completing market intelligence.

Outline:
Literature Review of Sales' Contributing to Market Intelligence
Factors Affecting Sales' Motivation to Contribute Market Intelligence
Techniques and Tools for Gaining Sales' Support for Completing Market Intelligence

From the Paper
"Traditional systems and processes of capturing competitive and market intelligence that are only contained within marketing have proven to be antiquated, too slow to react to market conditions, and suffering from myopic views of global market conditions. This has especially been the case where organizations seek to expand internationally, penetrating entire new markets where the sales force is only called upon for cursory market data or preliminary market forecasts (Chonko, Tanner, Smith, Reid, 1991). This approach to using the sales force as a means to capture competitive and market intelligence has not been successful. Instead, the reliance on providing local sales forces with ownership of the strategy of competitive and market intelligence is often far more effective when relationships, not just data is the goal (Johansson, Nonaka, 1987). Japanese companies have found that relying on their sales forces, specifically their channel managers located in potential new countries of interest to expand into who spend more time with resellers, corporate accounts and customers to understand their unmet needs are more effective than those who purchase tens of thousands of dollars of market research (Johansson, Nonaka, 1987). The ability of organizations to motivate and reward their sales forces to capture market intelligence and report it back consistently and accurately is most difficult across cultural boundaries (Jaworski, Kohli, 1993). The debate of whether expatriate sales managers or those recruited within a given nation are more effective is debated from the context of ethnocentrism (Chonko, Tanner, Smith, Reid, 1991)."

Tags:motivation, leaders, collaboration, trust

Abstract
This paper argues that, despite arguments to the contrary, decadence was not the message that 1960s-era rock stars communicated to society; the message was acceptance of the equality of races and the legitimacy of the demands of the Civil Rights Movement.

Outline
Pre-1960s: Attitude Towards the American Blacks
History of the Blacks in America
Music and Civil Rights Movement
Black Musicians and Contributions
"Troubadours of Conscience"
Elvis Presley's Contribution
Baez and Dylan

From the Paper
"When the Civil Rights Movement began, it did so in an atmosphere that very strongly believed that the Black person was extremely inferior to the White person, and music became the best means of changing the dominant attitudes towards the Blacks. Music contributed to the Civil Rights Movement's cause for equality in two main ways. First was through the songs and musical style of popular white singers such as Elvis Presley, Joan Baez, Janis Joplin and Bob Dylan. Second was through the popularity achieved by Black entertainers as the Supremes, Marvin Gaye, the Temptations and many others, among the White people themselves."

Tags:decadent, group, corrupt, american, youth, equality, freedom, humanization, singers

From the Paper
" The contribution of Alfred Hitchcock to the suspense thriller genre has been in essence to define it so that all subsequent films in the genre will aspire to the standards he set and will be compared to the films he made. This has indeed been the effect, so that films that have nothing to do with Hitchcock's style, themes, or interests are said to be Hitchcockian thrillers by those seeking a superlative. An example playing at the present time is The Crying Game, a film compared to Hitchcock though it is not a Hitchcock-style film at all and only touches on Hitchcockian themes in terms of generic elements that are difficult not to have in a thriller.
Hitchcock's contribution has been much broader than merely to the thriller genre, however, for he influenced a generation or more of filmmakers who learned from his films how to manipulate (...)"