Abstract
This paper discusses if revolution can contribute, in any way, to the international order. The author explains the important distinctions between the different types of revolutions and on what international order is based. After assessing to what extent revolution can contribute to the international order the author concludes that history does seems to show that revolutions, in the short term, always disrupt international order, and in the longer term, may contribute to international order in certain manners.

From the Paper
"Revolution, from the Latin revolutia, i.e. turn around, is a normative process that has, throughout the last centuries, been at the centre of the reflexion about world politics. It has shaped new countries, brought others to perish and, most importantly, showed the crucial role of human agency in international relations. "It is a natural manure" as Thomas Jefferson wrote . History and reality have shown that, in its various forms, revolution has not only had an impact on the international system but has been a major factor in its formation , especially since the French and American revolutions, respectively in 1789 and 1776. There is less consensus however on its consequences on international order - the order in relations among states-, if any.
"Effectively, it seems at first contradictory that a revolution, as the overthrow of a settled order , can contribute, in any manner, to the international one. Nevertheless, the reductionism of this approach tends to put aside important elements that must be considered."

Tags:politics, regime, violence

Abstract
This junior level paper is on "How did the American Revolution contribute to the outbreak of the French revolution?" It includes that what independent factors propelled the French to the revolution? Sources.

Tags:AMERICAN STUDIES AND HISTORY / AMERICAN REVOLUTION, american french revolution

Abstract
This paper describes how the student can benefit from and contribute to the Rutgers community by virtue of her community service and law studies.

From the Paper
"I can benefit from and contribute to the Rutgers community in a variety of ways. One of the greatest benefits for me is that the diverse multi-ethnic Rutgers community feels like home to me. I have lived in the Rutgers area for many years and I am a multi-ethnic individual with Puerto Rican, Irish, Scottish and German heritage. At Rutgers, multi-ethnicity is leveraged, valued and put to work rather than just acquired as a means of checking a box. This assures me..."

Tags:Rutgers, school, university, multi-ethnic, volunteer, community service, legal, law, lawyer

Abstract
The paper explores the literature on the using a sales force as a means to capture competitive and market intelligence. The paper examines the factors affecting the sales force's motivation to contribute market intelligence as well as the techniques and tools for gaining salespeople's support for completing market intelligence.

Outline:
Literature Review of Sales' Contributing to Market Intelligence
Factors Affecting Sales' Motivation to Contribute Market Intelligence
Techniques and Tools for Gaining Sales' Support for Completing Market Intelligence

From the Paper
"Traditional systems and processes of capturing competitive and market intelligence that are only contained within marketing have proven to be antiquated, too slow to react to market conditions, and suffering from myopic views of global market conditions. This has especially been the case where organizations seek to expand internationally, penetrating entire new markets where the sales force is only called upon for cursory market data or preliminary market forecasts (Chonko, Tanner, Smith, Reid, 1991). This approach to using the sales force as a means to capture competitive and market intelligence has not been successful. Instead, the reliance on providing local sales forces with ownership of the strategy of competitive and market intelligence is often far more effective when relationships, not just data is the goal (Johansson, Nonaka, 1987). Japanese companies have found that relying on their sales forces, specifically their channel managers located in potential new countries of interest to expand into who spend more time with resellers, corporate accounts and customers to understand their unmet needs are more effective than those who purchase tens of thousands of dollars of market research (Johansson, Nonaka, 1987). The ability of organizations to motivate and reward their sales forces to capture market intelligence and report it back consistently and accurately is most difficult across cultural boundaries (Jaworski, Kohli, 1993). The debate of whether expatriate sales managers or those recruited within a given nation are more effective is debated from the context of ethnocentrism (Chonko, Tanner, Smith, Reid, 1991)."

Tags:motivation, leaders, collaboration, trust

Abstract
This paper defines and explores utilitarian theory, asking how this theory can contribute to political theory and whether its contribution is worthwhile. The paper examines the main aspects of the utilitarian doctrine, defining it as a form of consequentialism, or the moral worth of an action is determined by its outcome. The paper explains that acts are therefore judged as right or wrong based upon their consequences or utility; utility means the good to be maximized by the action, which in the utilitarian view is pleasure or happiness. The paper asserts that despite aspects of contention and vagueness, utilitarianism appears to contribute to political theory through the debates regarding the promotion of women's suffrage, the role that a legislator should take, and the moral worth of life. The paper concludes that utilitarianism offers a different approach to the worth of life; it is not the need to merely survive or the desire for glory, but the wish to utilize life to the fullest so that the greatest number of people may have the greatest happiness.

From the Paper
"A second objection to the Utilitarian theory is that it is difficult to quantify happiness. How do you judge what happiness is and if someone is truly happy? Bentham states that happiness is pleasure and the absence of pain however, what one person classes as happiness may be what another person classes as pain. It is difficult to compare happiness between different people. The bases on which Utilitarianism is situated could therefore be regarded as dismissible, thus destroying the Utilitarian theory."

Tags:Bentham, happiness, outcome, moral, means

Abstract
The paper discusses how more than 2,500 years ago, the Olympic Games of ancient Greece were created as one of the first known spectacles of the ultimate in masculine competition. The paper explains that in these games, men from all over the Greek Empire were given the opportunity to prove their athletic superiority in a quest for fame and glory. The paper relates that while in the subsequent centuries the games faded into the pages of historical lore, by the early 20th century, the Olympic Games had been reborn and, once again, had grown into a global spectacle. The paper describes how the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany, saw black American athlete, Jesse Owens, race to four Olympic gold medals disgracing Nazi leader Adolph Hitler and dispelling, once and for all, the myth of Teutonic superiority. The paper then relates that while the common presumption might suggest that success promotes racial equality, many critics argue otherwise. In light of these arguments, the paper discusses how sports contribute to racial inequality rather than its eradication.

From the Paper
"More than 2500 years ago, the Olympic Games of ancient Greece were created as one of the first known spectacles of the ultimate in masculine competition. In these games, men from all over the Greek Empire were given the opportunity to prove their athletic superiority in a quest for fame and glory. And while in the subsequent centuries the games faded into the pages of historical lore, by the early 20th century, the Olympic Games had been reborn and, once again, grown into a global spectacle."

Tags:sports, racism, inequality

Abstract
An essay discussing the various contributions of the Turner Foundation to the environment. The author examines the financial and volunteer labor that this foundation has offered and the positive impact on health and the local environment that these type of efforts make.

From the Paper
"Ted Turner is perfectly happy to pour money down the drain at least, if it can help preserve the quality of America's waters, and especially the rivers that feed into and out of Georgia. The money contributed by his Turner Foundation along with contributions in terms of volunteer labor to the local environment given by workers from his companies have had a substantial positive impact on the health of the local environment and local waterways, especially the Chattahoochee River. His work demonstrates that corporations can be responsible and that the work of an individual passionately committed to a cause can make a substantial difference."

Tags:environment, money, finance, contribute, america, water, conservation, donation

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the problem of recidivism, or return to prison after completing a prison sentence. The paper explains that not every criminal that is released back into the society after serving his sentence becomes a productive member of society without going back to the life of crime. The paper summarizes numerous studies on criminal recidivism, noting that contributing factors include age, juvenile delinquency, linkages of failure on the part of the criminal, and shortcomings on the part of society. The paper concludes that although criminal recidivism is not the best measurement to determine the effectiveness of the rehabilitation programs within a correctional institution, the data on criminal recidivism will help researchers, psychologists, and criminologists determine what causes ex-convicted criminals to relapse or go back to their life of crime.

Outline:
Recidivism Defined
Contributing Factors of Recidivism
Average Recidivism Rates and Contributing Factors for Sexual and Non-sexual Offenders
Other Contributing Factors of Recidivism According to Other Studies
Meeting Society's Expectations
Failure of the Rehabilitation Program
Youth or Juvenile Delinquency
Discussion
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Out of 243,334 convicts that were released from prison in 1994, 61,323 were arrested for violent crimes, 94,239 were arrested for property crimes, and 113,959 were arrested for drug crimes within a 3 year period. The frequencies of the arrest rate for violent, property, and drug offenses are 8,400, 12,909, and 15,611 per 100,000 released prisoners respectively. These rates, in turn, are between 30 and 45 times higher than those for the general population in the 13 states in our analysis (Travis & Visher, 2005)."

Tags:prison, jail, offender, rehabilitation, corrections

Abstract
This paper focuses on the African influence and contributions that are part of the United States. The paper notes that through careful analysis, it is clear that there is an African presence in the United States. The presence is not in the form of "dreadlocks," or the way African Americans dance or the clothes that they wear; the contribution is far more substantial. In fact, the African contribution to the American economy is one based on economics, politics, social, and cultural additions. This paper analyzes the African contributions to the Atlantic World, within the framework of Sheila Walker's thesis.

From the Paper
"It is interesting to note that through careful analysis, it is clear that there is an African presence in the United States. The presence is not in the form of `dreadlocks', or the way African Americans dance or the clothes that they wear, the contribution is far more substantial. In fact, the African contribution to the American economy is one based on economics, politics, social, and cultural additions. This paper will briefly analyze the African contributions to the Atlantic World, within the framework of Sheila Walker's thesis. Sheila Walker's Thesis: A Critical Analysis ..."

Tags:culture, roots, diversity, diaspora

Abstract
This paper explains that contribution pay, which is a relatively new concept, combines elements of both performance and competency based pay schemes by recognizing employee achievements and competencies: (1) Employees are paid based on not only their individual job performance but also on their knowledge, skills and attitude, (2) pay is based on an employee's contribution and not just the set goals at hand and (3) employees can be judged on their merits rather than judged solely by a manager's personal discretion. The author points out that, aside from contribution pay, non-monetary incentive schemes also are effective ways of motivating employees because they might not tend to spend money on those rewards, such as travel and parking places, out of their own pockets. The paper relates that contribution pay, non-monetary rewards and a higher general pay are based on natural motivators such as recognition, peer pressure and obligation to work hard; however, ultimately, motivating employees comes down to good management and fair treatment because employees often reflect their environments.

From the Paper
"Being hired at a higher salary motivates employee performance in the sense that an employee knows that they will lose a secure position if they are not productive contributors. There is no added pressure of having to meet certain output or sales goals to achieve more money. The financial rewards are already there. All one has to do is meet managerial expectations to maintain their already high status. When an employee exceeds expectation, they are usually rewarded with an annual raise. Furthermore, an employee whose only concern is their salaries based on "units sold" or "numbers met," cannot focus on bigger issues. Those paid the higher salaries can focus on developmental issues, customer service and look at the overall goals of their company as a whole."

Tags:hiring-pay, competency-based, non-monetary-incentive, management, sales