Abstract This paper focuses on the issue of grief as a concept that is significant to the practice of nursing. It explores the intricacies of grief in order to understand the scope of its impact to the field of nursing and health care in general. The paper provides model, contrary, related and borderline cases that relate to grief. It then looks at the social context of grief and then provides an operational definition of the context.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Assumptions
Literature Review
Defining Attributes
Model, Contrary, Related and Borderline Cases
Social Contexts and Values
Theoretical Definition
Operational Definition of the Concept
Empirical Referents
Measurement Tool
Application to Nursing Practice
Application to Nursing Research
From the Paper "The concept of grief can be applied to nursing practice through an understanding of the individual patient and the time that is taken to comprehend all of the factors that impact the patient's life. The issue of quality care should be considered in relation to the concept of grief because the patient that is undergoing the grief process may not be forthcoming with the information, nor be aware that the physical symptoms that are evident are associated with physical illness. Therefore, the nurse that is capable of taking the necessary time to discover information about the patient in terms of current life situations, events that have impacted his or her living and emotional barriers to good health that may exist, will uncover the potential for grief to be a factor in the health concerns of the patient. When this occurs that patient can then be assisted in a manner that is positive and that will lead to successful outcomes for the individual."
An analysis of four contrasting William Blake poems from "Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience", demonstrating both the contrary states of innocence and experience and Blake's social criticism.
Abstract A paper contrasting "The Chimney Sweeper" poems from William Blake's "Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience" with "The Ecchoing Green" and "London". The paper focuses on the portrayal of the contrary states of innocence and experience, but the paper suggests that in a greater thematic sense all poems carry Blakes social criticism of the hypocritical Romantic society.
From the Paper "William Blake, from a young age, displayed a vivid imagination which was not looked upon favourably during the pre Romantic period. He continued throughout his writing to radically question religion and politics, especially critical of the church, putting forth his views on the world. Perhaps what Blake is most famous for are his contrasting Songs of Experience and Songs of Innocence poems, which have either been paired by Blake himself, or by critics in their interpretations. In plate three of "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell" Blake wrote, "Without contraries is no progression", this statement defining the contrary states of Innocence and Experience, regarded as necessary to both human existence and human progress."
Abstract This paper uses several well-known writings to demonstrate the power of fear and its influence on human behavior. The paper talks about how fear has been used on slaves to keep them from wanting to become free, how it can be used to make people do things that are contrary to their own well-being, and how great strength and courage are needed to overcome fear.
From the Paper "Frederick Douglass is an excellent example of an individual who stood up to his fear. In his novel, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass explains the fear he encountered as a slave with high ambitions. We realize his desire when Mrs. Auld's attempts to teach Douglass to read. Mr. Auld forbade the lessons, telling his wife, it was "unlawful, as well as unsafe to teach a slave to read . . . if you give a nigger an inch, he will take an ell" (78). Additionally, he said that teaching Douglass to read "would forever unfit him to be a slave. He would at once become unmanageable, and of no value to his master. As to himself, it could do him no good, but a great deal of harm. It would make him disoriented and unhappy" (78). This scene is significant because it illustrates Douglass? strength to follow his own desire despite his circumstances. Douglass demonstrates how the slaves were placed in a position of fearing even learning to read because they might be punished. "
Abstract This paper describes the book "Contrary to Love" by Patrick Carnes, a well-known expert in the area of counseling and treating sexual addiction. The paper relates that the book provides an overview of sexual addiction for the layperson as well as the addict, and moves through the onset, growth and culmination of what Carnes calls "the addictive system." The paper also relates that the book discusses the role of family relationships and dysfunctions in contributing to an addict's problems. Additionally, the paper notes that in the final part of the book, Carnes moves into a thorough presentation and discussion of the process of recovery from sexual addiction.
From the Paper "Patrick Carnes is a well-known expert in the area of counseling and treating sexual addiction, and is the author of several books on the subject of addiction and recovery. His 1989 book Contrary to Love provides an overview of sexual addiction for the layperson as well as the addict, and also moves through the onset, growth and culmination of what he calls "the addictive system." The book also discusses the role of family relationships and dysfunctions in contributing to an addict's problems, including the role of co-addiction within the family. In the final part of the book, Carnes moves into a thorough presentation and discussion of the process of recovery from sexual addiction. Like all forms of recovery from addiction, the paradigm presented is one of gradual self-understanding and slow evolution over an extended period of the addict's life, rather than one of "quick fixes" or cures. Carnes concludes with an analysis of the assessment and intervention / treatment process from an institutional perspective.
"Carnes establishes sexual addiction as an illness early on (p. 4), then goes into a brief discussion of what he calls "models that don't work," including the model that sees addiction as a failure of morals (5) and models that attempt to interpret sexual addiction from various behavioral, cultural or environmental viewpoints (27-35), none of which he finds completely satisfactory. In a brief discussion of the biological model, he admits that some progress has been made in terms of treating sexual addicts (primarily criminal offenders) with drugs, but the two-page overview of this model is too brief to be considered complete, and Carnes is evidently not satisfied with this model either. One point which does arise as innovative and challenging is that Carnes notes that in many sexual crimes, alcohol or other drugs were found to have played a subsidiary or contributing role. The concept of "cross-addiction" thus comes into play, and is provocative if it can lead to new forms of treatment in the future."
Compares the Elizabethan-era Christopher Marlowe's poem "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" and early seventeenth century John Donne's poem "The Flea".
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 0 sources, 2008, $ 30.95
Abstract This paper explains that Elizabethan-era Christopher Marlowe's poem "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" and early seventeenth century John Donne's "The Flea" share the same theme of romantic love; however, these poems are intrinsically and distinctly different as were the periods in which they were written. The author points out that, though both poem's speakers seek to win over the object of their desire, the ways they go about convincing their love are strikingly different, their images of love are juxtaposed and their definitions and depictions of love completely contrary. The paper concludes that Marlowe's poem describes a romantic love affair, while the speaker in Donne's poem goes in a different direction: sexual gratification.
From the Paper 'The role assigned to the man and woman of these two poems are quite different. In "The Passionate Shepherd to his Love", the speaker (the man) clearly adores his love, while the speaker of "The Flea" is, essentially, a flea himself. The role of the man in Marlowe's poem is to give gifts and praise and care for his love. The role of the man in Donne's poem is to attempt to persuade his love into having sex with him. The women are treated differently and have different roles as well. In Marlowe's poem, the woman is someone to be put on a pedestal that should be given the finest things nature can provide.'
Abstract Within the framework of a globalized political economy, aiming towards the eradication of any and all artificial barriers to trade, the question of capital liberalization has become an increasingly critical one. Consequent to the free trade philosophy of globalization, the IMF and World Bank have always argued against the implementation of capital controls or the imposition of barriers towards the free movement of capital across the world. This paper explains that such barriers are negatively perceived as threats to globalization or obstacles to the realization of a global economic system. This paper shows that several member countries, especially those impacted by the Asian financial crisis, adopted a contrary policy, whereby they either tightened existing controls on either capital outflow or inflow or adopted even more stringent capital control mechanisms. Such a policy appears to be contrary to the goal of establishing a liberalized and stable global capital market, functioning in accordance with the principles of rational choice and comparative advantage. However, careful assessment of the arguments for and against capital controls in this paper, together with a review of a pertinent body of factual formal evidence, illustrates that the imposition of capital controls, as opposed to the full liberalization of the global capital market, better serves the purposes of capital market stabilization, efficient allocation of resources, and protection of national economies.
From the Paper "The third argument in favour of capital liberalization is intimately connected to the factor of financial instability and the importance of equilibrating balance of payments. As noted by Sebastian Edwards (1999), all economies are vulnerable to such external shocks as would upset balance of payments. In order to redress that situation and minimize its negative consequences, it is necessary to balance the current account through capital movements as would restore the equilibrium of the balance of payments and offset potential inflation. The free and unrestricted global movement of capital is, thus, a necessary corollary to the maintenance of balanced current account (Edwards 1999). Consequently, from within the parameters of this last argument, liberalization of capital and the concomitant creation of a thoroughly globalized capital market is strongly founded upon the imperatives of maintaining balanced current accounts."
Abstract This paper takes a look at the beliefs, goals and ideologies of the framers of the American Constitution and how, through a series of compromises, they embraced primary principles that would promise liberty and justice for all. The paper contends that, contrary to what some historians have argued, the framers were not motivated by economic interests but rather by reason and experience and the understanding that their lives and interest were best protected in a democracy.
Introduction
Arguments on Both Sides
Political Ideology of the Framers, Contrary to Economic Interests
Goals of the Framers
Conclusion
From the Paper "Historians traditionally depicted the framers of the Constitution as great liberals, defenders of the rights of man, and the creators of a democratic society. The framers, who were forced by all of their differences into a succession of comprises, embraced primary principles that would promise liberty and justice for all."
Abstract This paper argues that there are many misconceptions regarding Africa as a "dark continent". On the contrary, the author attempts to prove that there is sufficient evidence that shows Africa as the basis of ancient Greek philosophy.
Contents
Introduction
European Thoughts on African Culture
African Influence on European Culture
The Destruction of African Culture
Conclusion
From the Paper " The European way of thinking about Africa is the conventional way of thinking. Before the surge of the study of African philosophy in the late 20th century, Africans were thought of as savages. Their civilization was believed to lack reason, logical, philosophy and any sort of noteworthy ancient culture. Many misconceptions about African culture can be attributed to the work of G.W.F. Hegel, a European historian. His analysis revolves around questioning the essence of history itself. He concretely argues that reason is the driving force in the universe. That is, without reason, nothing exists. "
Abstract This paper addresses the issue of child care. It starts off by providing a history child care and brings us to the present day hurdles facing this topic. With the modern day phenomena of single and teenage mothers, alternative child care facilities need to be made available at educational institutes. This paper provides a broad look at child care in the US, focuses on Alabama and finally on Troy State University.
From the paper:
"Day care is most often thought of as a contemporary issue. On the contrary, most American mothers, whether in urban settings or on farms, were responsible for much more than child care. Before the idea of day care was conceived, mothers often depended on family members, older children, and other women to look after their children. It was not until the 1800s that American urban middle class society originated the stay-at-home mother concept.
In the late 19th-century, privileged, affluent women founded day nurseries to meet the needs of poor and working class mothers who were employed to support their children. There were more than five hundred nurseries across the country by 1912. Initially, day care was offered as charity to the deserving poor. It was not the intent of these nurseries to encourage mothers to work outside the home. "
Abstract This paper examines the religious experiences of the main characters of the novel "Franny and Zooey" by J.D. Salinger. Franny claims to have a sort of revelation "Jesus Prayer" in the beginning of the book and this is mocked by her brother Zooey. This paper first examines what is the Jesus Prayer. It then goes on to examine why and J.D. Salinger uses it in his novel and how it functions in the novel. It also explores the nature of religious experience as revealed by the characters and actions of Franny and Zooey.
From the paper:
"Zooey cannot see how Franny's use of the Jesus Prayer"the prayer that left her at the end of the first section lying exhausted and hungry, staring at the ceiling of the manager's office in a restaurant, her lips moving"is a religious experience. (41-44) However, this paper will assert that contrary to what Zooey states, Franny has had a religious experience in the first part of the book. It is perhaps not quite a religious experience as defined on Zooey's terms, nor the sort of religious experience Franny herself believes she has had, before she has the confrontation with her brother. But it is religious none the less. This is because her use of the Jesus prayer, misguided as it is, brings both Franny and her brother to a kind of appreciation and acceptance of the world that they did not have at the beginning of the novel."
Abstract This essay draws on the similarities and comparisons between Washington Irving's "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and Tim Burton's film, "Sleepy Hollow" with specific reference to the daydream scenes.
From the paper:
? Yet this daydream has no few of the aspects of a nightmare as well. In the real world, the worst Ichabod will ever endure is a fall from his faithful, and borrowed, steed Gunpowder. In the daydream film, he shall be skewered with a ghostly sword, beaten, choked, and otherwise bodily assaulted. The horsemen will not be a possible figment, a traveler who merely keeps pace and tosses pumpkins; to the contrary, he shall kill any number of people.?
Abstract This paper examines propaganda in France after its surrender under the Vichy regime of Petain. It provides great historical details aided with maps and visual examples. The paper argues that contrary to common belief pro-Nazi propaganda in France was not imposed but initiated by the Vichy regime itself.
From the Paper "In the process of researching the topic I chose for my paper ?Nazi Propaganda in France.? I discovered that a more appropriate title would be "Propaganda in France during the Second World War", in light of the fact that alongside the Nazis, the occupation government of Vichy worked so fervently to arrive at a parallel goal: to control the population through propaganda."
Tags: france, nazi, propaganda, vichy, war, wwii, world, war, ii, germany
A paper which shows the results of an experiment measuring the production, circulation, and reuptake of endogenously produced Nitric Oxide in the human upper airway.
3,910 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, 2001, $ 106.95
Abstract It was hypothesized that if nitric oxide (NO) was involved in the temperature and humidity conditioning of nasal air, then its release from the nasal passages into the lumen of the upper respiratory airway should vary between inhalation and exhalation. The author of this paper further hypothesized that nasal nitric oxide release varies during wakefulness and sleep, being decreased at night due to both a reduction in nitric oxide release into the nasal passages and increased uptake of NO by the lower respiratory tract. The paper shows that through human testing and modeling, the release of NO was shown to be greater upon inhalation than exhalation. It discusses that since this is contrary to passive physics there must be an active mechanism behind this process which preserves nasal patency and conditions nasal air.
From the Paper "Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous compound with important functions in the immune, nervous, and cardiopulmonary systems. In the respiratory tract it plays a role in ciliary beat frequency, mucus secretion, bronchodilation and vasodilation(1). Endogenously produced nitric oxide has been found in the exhaled air of humans and the majority of exhaled NO originates in the nasal passages(2). As a nonpolar molecule, it has a low solubility in comparison to other gases. Its Henry's Law constant koH (mol/kg*bar) is reported to be 0.0019 by Lide and Frederikse(3). This low solubility in combination with a concentration gradient drives the NO out of the nasal mucosa and into the airway. "
A comparative analysis of the lives and writings of two different authors St. Jean De Crevecueur and Tom Paine who both envisaged the establishment of the United States of America.
Abstract This paper looks at the works of St. Jean De Crevecueur and Tom Paine, both from the early Puritan period, one a Frenchman and one an Englishman who defined the America as seen through their own eyes and illustrated contrary ideas of the new world that was to come. Thomas Paine focused directly upon the United States' aims and objectives by influencing the breaking off of America from England in order for the country to expand itself and be its own free government. Crevecueur saw it being an abundant, affluent and liberated country rich in agriculture.
From the Paper "Thomas Paine's Common Sense, focused directly upon the United States' aims and objectives by influencing the disjoined of America from England in order for the country to expand itself and be its own free government. Thus, he utilized the metaphor of a "young oak" that became "full grown" in order to symbolize as well as encourage this change. In the novel, Common Sense, the most general theme that run throughout the novel was growth that had to do directly with the extensive landscape, the distended population of the United States, the government system that was becoming more like an adult independent who has grown- up to the mother country and the abundant soil of the Americas, which all reflected and helped to give this rising country (A. Owen, 1984)."
Tags: france, revolution, england, civil, freedom, natural, reason, rights, free, government
This paper explores the first and second formulations of Emmanuel Kant's "Categorical Imperative" and cites evidence that the two can indeed work together, contrary to prominent interpretation.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 0 sources, 2001, $ 60.95
Abstract This paper is centrally interested in the definition of "objectivity" in the work of E. Kant, particularly in relation to his first first and second formulations of the categorical imperative. This paper explores the conventional interpretation of the notion of objectivity, and then offers a modernized understanding of the term.
From the Paper "This essay holds that the application of the first and second formulations of Kant's moral doctrine the categorical imperative"the purpose of which is to determine the morality of human action"can and must be applied in conjunction. When applied in conjunction, it is shown that the two formulations prohibit and enjoin the same actions for the same reason. First, this essay explores the conventional interpretation of the first and second formulations of the categorical imperative. After mentioning the primary fault of this interpretation?namely, the confusion surrounding the interpretation of the terms "objective" or "objectivity"? a new interpretation is suggested."
