Abstract In 2001 the newly elected Bush administration shocked the globe first by stating that it would not demand that its national industry be required to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, or greenhouse gases, and then in its harsh rejection of the Kyoto Protocol that had been ten years in the making. The Kyoto Protocol is intended to reduce greenhouse gases by as much as 5.2 percent below the 1990 levels but the Bush administration felt that ratification of the Kyoto Protocol would cost the Nation millions of jobs and billions of dollars in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This paper discusses the context within which the Kyoto Protocol was designed to fit within the broader framework of sustainable development economic policies that would ensure continued economic expansion but would also ensure sound environmental policies.
Abstract This paper discusses the many social and economical reasons for Canada not to ratify the Kyoto Accord of 1997, an international agreement aimed at addressing the issue of climate change. The paper argues, for example, that there is no concrete evidence that global warming is in fact ocurring. The paper shows that many provincial governments in Canada are opposed to the ratification of the Accord, whereas the federal government is in full support. This could be attributed to the fact that Jean Chretien knows that he will soon no longer be the Prime Minister of Canada, ratification of the Kyoto Accord may be his way of making a grand exit. The paper argues that the federal government has obviously not taken into account the economical impacts of the Kyoto Accord. If the Accord is ratified, many Canadian jobs will be lost as a result, some project even a second brain drain to the USA.
From the Paper "If Canada ratifies the Kyoto Accord, the country would be a much better place to live in now as well as in the future. At least this is what many "experts" would like Canadians to believe. The United Nations Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement aimed at addressing the issue of climate change. The protocol was agreed to in 1997. It commits developed countries to collectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 5.5% below 1990 levels by the period 2008-2012. Canada's share is a 6% reduction below 1990 levels. Other developed countries are being obligated with different emission reduction commitments. Developing countries and, of course, countries that are not party to the agreement are not required to meet targets for greenhouse gas emissions (CM&E, 2001)."
Abstract This paper introduces the Kyoto Accord as supported by Canada from its 1997 inception. A second section addresses a variety of Canadian essays on the economy in relation to the 21st century challenge of globalization. Special note is made of opposition to Kyoto terms in Canada as voiced in Ontario and Alberta. The third section reviews the approach of Greenpeace Canada, a public interest group that strongly supports the Kyoto agreement in Canada.
A paper discussing the reaction of Canadian business and public to the Kyoto Accord, with specific focus on the question 'if gas emissions so important, why weren't reforms introduced 25 years ago for gradual implementation?'
2,250 words (approx. 9 pages), 0 sources, 2006, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper discusses Canada's adoption of Kyoto Protocol and the criticism of how Kyoto has been instituted without notifying public as to short and long term impacts, and without the collaboration of the private sector. This paper further reviews the warning made by businesses that the way in which Kyoto rules are adopted will harm industrial/business sector, and the Canadian standard of living.
From the Paper " The Kyoto Accord, and the U.N. Conference on Climate Change, Montreal, 2005. Canada has supported the Kyoto Accord since 1997, towards signing the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. At the 1998 Toronto Conference on the Changing Atmosphere, climatic change was declared to be second, as a world threat, only to nuclear war. By 2005, treaty bans on chlorofluorocarbons or "CFCs" were established by developed industrial countries and with other treaty bans to be drawn up by 2010. A 20% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions was targeted for 2005, towards other efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and their results. "
Abstract In this paper, the writer examines the idea of global warming and discusses the accuracy of predictions regarding its overall effects and the root causes of the problem. The writer also discusses the research that predictions of global warming are based upon and examines the conflicting studies presented by governmental and international bodies. In addition, the writer argues that UN mechanisms put in place to decrease carbon emissions and reduce the planets temperature rise, will, in fact, have the opposite effect. The writer postulates that for Canada, the cost of adherence to the Kyoto protocols will be excessive and quotes a number of researchers in evidence. The paper is accompanied by a number of tables and graphs.
Outline:
Introduction
Global Warming: Science and Scepticism
The Kyoto Protocol: Loopholes and Exceptions
Canada's and Kyoto: Economic Impacts of Meeting the Reduction Goals
Conclusion
From the Paper "In 1998 the first and most comprehensive study of compliance costs to Canada was done by the National Climate Change Process (NCCP), a group formed by various Canadian government officials. The results were not what the government had hoped for. The study predicts long term negative effects on the Canadian economy of between 0.5 to 3% per year, and up to 20 years recovery time. Real wages would drop between 1 and 4%, and there would be significant risk of damaging levels of inflation. According to the analysis, it is not Alberta, but Saskatchewan and Ontario that are the hardest hit provinces"
Tags: global warming, Kyoto, United Nations, carbon emissions, Canada offsets
Abstract This paper discusses the Kyoto Protocol from the Public Choice perspective. Discussions surrounding the agreement are examined including the insurgence of self-interest based global warming initiatives. The paper discusses the views of the opponents to the Kyoto Protocol and gives reasons for their views.
From the Paper "Global warming and energy consumption has attributed to an increase in greenhouse gases resulting in a rapidly deteriorating atmosphere. Temperatures are rising and ecosystems are suffering. The spread of disease, drought, and floods have been attributed to increased global warming. Power plants and exhaust from cars are causing severe damage to the ozone layer. Governments and businesses alike must look for new ways to harness energy to use as fuel sources. Global warming is a hug problem."
Abstract The paper examines a year's reportage on Kyoto and the related political issues, mainly from the standpoint of environmental history in relation to social and economic history. Thematic developments are discussed in relation to international events, Canadian federal events, details of warming and emission control and a distinctive local interest in Kyoto in journalists and public opinion. The paper provides reference to Crane's model of history as reflected in individual and local sentiments.
From the Paper "This paper reviews newspaper reportage in Hamilton, Ontario, in the year preceding Canada's January 2006 federal election, to do with the Kyoto Protocol. One sees that many citizens were impatient with the results of the Protocol signed by Canada in December of 1997. The ideal of sustainable development of the 1972 United Nations Conference on Human Environment held in Stockholm, the first international community meeting convened to discuss the global environment in relation to development needs, brought much debate. In the 1980s, there was particular debate on climatic change and whether the world was warming or cooling and the results in both scenarios."
Abstract This paper discusses the Kyoto Accord, which is an agreement reached as a result of the follow up 1997 meeting to the 1992 Rio Earth Summit at which a number of industrialized nations made commitments regarding protection of the environment. The paper discusses the agreements of the Kyoto accord, that is the agreement to cut emissions of greenhouse gases from five to six percent below 1990 levels by 2008-2012.
From the Paper "Kyoto Accord: The treaty was not actually signed at the Kyoto. Instead, it was decided that it would not come into force until 55 nations, representing 55 percent of the world's emissions of greenhouse gases, agreed to ratify it. "
Abstract This paper argues in favor of the United States supporting ideas presented in the Kyoto Protocol. The paper describes the effects of global warming and expounds on the issues presented in the Kyoto Protocol to avert these problems. The main thrust of the treaty is to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by developed countries. The writer believes that despite the US being a non-signatory to this treaty, it should set an example and show its citizens what to do in order to reduce greenhouse gases.
From the Paper "Was it smart for President Bush to pull out of the Kyoto treaty? Many countries are lagging behind Kyoto targets anyways and are paying a fine for it. The UNFCCC Secretariat says emissions by Spain and Portugal were 40.5 percent above 1990 levels in 2002. U.S. emissions were up 13.1 percent. Since there was a fine for not making its targets, President Bush may have saved the country from going into more debt. But does this short term gain justify what could happen in the long term?"
Abstract This essay defines the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. The paper outlines the ways in which George W. Bush's Administration's decision to not support the protocol's efforts to control green house gas emissions will affect the efforts of the rest of the world.
Abstract The following paper examines the research provided on atmospheric depletion and its relationship to the survival of humanity. Issues like the greenhouse effect and ozone crisis are discussed. The writer feels strongly towards the serious danger from the pollution that is regularly released into the air and discusses, briefly, ways in which to halt the destructive process.
From the Paper "One way we are destroying our atmosphere is by releasing carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide makes up part of a natural cycle of carbon involving the atmosphere, land, sea, and plant life (Neal 10). So what is the problem if CO2 is there naturally already? Carbon dioxide makes up a very tiny part of our atmosphere, representing approximately 0.035 percent (Neal 10). 0.035 percent seems insignificant, but consider that a rise of about 0.06 percent changes our atmosphere dramatically (Neal 10). Carbon dioxide is released into the air every time a fossil fuel is burned (Neal 11). Approximately two hundred years ago, the industrial revolution sparked an increase in the burning of the fuels (Neal 11). In fact, my grandparents reside in a small town in South Western Pennsylvania called Allison. This is one of a cluster of small towns in that region. I think that it is safe to say that about eighty percent of the homes in Allison rely on coal as the primary source of heat. Thank goodness for trees and other plants that takes in carbon dioxide and replaces it with oxygen. There lies another problem, though. See, there are not enough trees left on Earth to off set even a small increase in carbon dioxide because rain forests are rapidly disappearing."
Abstract This paper discusses the various sources of justifications to act against greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide, as two leading causes of an irrefutable trend toward global warming. The paper discusses the views of the critics and skeptics against taking these steps and then looks at the views of those in favor of the proposed actions against global warming.
From the Paper "When the great majority of scientists independently come to similar or supporting conclusions, however, it is usually a good bet that they are correct. It would appear that the over-whelming evidence supports the idea that we are experiencing global warming, that human activity is contributing to this warming and that we can't afford not to act. I would agree with Stevens that there is a wide range of opinions on how much impact global warming is having and on how much humans are contributing. From the articles I have read it seems that there is very little scientific evidence AGAINST the global warming scenario. Skeptics seem to be focusing on discrediting the global warming supporters, rather than proving that there is no warming or that no human impact exists."
Abstract This paper explains that, by slowing and stopping the upward trend in greenhouse gas emissions, which started in industrialized countries 150 years ago, the Kyoto Treaty hopes to move the world toward preventing dangerous interference with the climate system. The author points out that countries, which have accepted the Kyoto Treaty, have committed themselves to reducing their emissions of six key greenhouse gases by at least 5%. The paper relates that scientists have identified that health, agriculture, water resources, forests, wildlife and coastal areas are vulnerable to the changes, which global warming may bring. Chart.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Atmosphere Changes
Changing Climate
From the Paper "The Arctic is warming rapidly, with the loss of polar ice projected to accelerate global warming, according to a four-year scientific study of the region conducted by an international team of 300 scientists. About half the summer sea ice in the Arctic is projected to melt by the end of this century, along with much of the Greenland Ice Sheet. The study also confirms that the warming is human-caused, through heat-trapping emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. The United States is the largest world contributor of those emissions and has yet to enact limits. It is clear that pollution that causes global warming to prevent dangerous changes in the climate must be reduced; however, the United States as not agreed to the Kyoto Treaty."
Abstract This paper discusses "The Contrarian's Guide to Leadership," which was written by Steven B. Sample in October 2001. It discusses Sample's definition and view of a contrarian leader and how they work successfully within an organization. The paper takes a supportive position on the applicability of "The Contrarian's Guide to Leadership" to today's organizations.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Most Successful Leaders
Counterintuitive Lessons
Summary
Reasons for Support of Sample's Work
From the Paper "How many times has the leadership and employees of an organization refused to consider a new method because "that is not the way we do things around here"? This viewpoint however must be set aside because with the new technology and know-how in today's organization had the view as previously stated held firm many of the modern efficiencies realized by the organization in today's world would be unrealized and thereto would be the failure of organizations to move forward in becoming more productive, more environmentally friendly, more gender-equitable in employment practices. The refusal of the leadership in an organization to consider change and view the possibilities that are outside of the realm of tradition cannot bode well for the organization and its survival, sustainability and ultimately profitability. Sample's common-sense 'gut' instinct non-traditional view of leadership is one that fills in the blanks for many leaders in today's organizations who have been bound traditionally to unworkable models of leadership in the organization."
