Abstract This paper studies Elavil (amitriptyline-HCl), its history and uses. The paper notes common side effects of Elavil and discusses contraindications for its use. The paper also summarizes a study which correlates the clinical effects of correct doses of amitriptyline.
From the Paper "Elavil (Amitriptyline-HCl) is one of a group of drugs known as tricyclic antidepressants, because of their chemical structure. The chemical formula for Elavil is ...."
Tags: Elavil, amitriptyline, tricyclic antidepressants, side effects, contraindications
Abstract This paper examines the standards set by the National Service Framework for coronary heart disease regarding emergency cardiac care for patients presenting to the accident and emergency system at a hospital. The paper explains that these standards place a priority on aggressive management and providing early thrombolysis and that this type of treatment is controversial because it is questionable whether, given the suggested timeline and the need to differentiate from non-cardiac causes of chest pain, an adequate history and physical can be performed to prevent the administration of thrombolytics in patients where they are contraindicated. To further examine this topic, the paper gives a clear definition of acute myocardial infarction, looks at how to diagnose a patient with acute chest pain, explores the history, indications, and contraindications of thrombolysis, and reviews a multidisciplinary approach to thrombolytic administration.
From the Paper "The definitive diagnosis of AMI is best obtained by following a standard chest pain protocol. Most accident and emergency wards have these in place. It is standard to initially obtain a 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and begin cardiac monitoring. Patient's routine laboratory studies include electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), complete blood count (CBC) and markers for myocardial injury (Creatinine Kinase isoenzyme-myocardial (CK-MB) or troponin). Normal serial CK values rule out an acute infarction but are negative in the setting of acute unstable angina. A slight rise in CK-MB or troponin indicates myocardial injury but is not specific for ischemic syndromes. Troponin assay is highly sensitive for identifying acute coronary syndromes. Troponin has longer half life in the system than CK-MB but is less specific for the identification of infarction as opposed to repeated episodes of myocardial ischemia. As the total CK greater than two times the upper ranges of normal is indicative of infarction it can be used as an adjunct in diagnosis ischemia versus infarction and also in determining the relative efficacy of reperfusion. Serum troponin may take up to six hours to become diagnostically sensitive enough (Dougan, 2001)."
Abstract This paper explains that biomaterials are synthetic materials used to replace or restore damaged function. They should be biocompatible, non-toxic and non-carcinogenic. The paper reports that metals, polymers, ceramics and composites are the most commonly used biomaterials. The paper then details their use as synthetic orthopedic, dental and breast implants, in hernia repair, in gene therapy, to replace damaged organs, to enhance bone healing, to store and dispense multiple drug doses and multi-stage vaccines and other uses.
Table of Contents:
Biomaterials in Medical Use
Polymers
Shaped Bodies
The Ideal Materials
ATP Research Fund
PolyHap Implants for Damaged Faces
Polymer Chip
Anti-bacterial Implants
Breast Implants
Polyurethane-covered Implants
Benefits and Contraindications Benefits
Contraindications Implants for Malignant Gliomas
BCNU/Gliadel
Polymer Technology
Periodontium Regenerating System
The Invention's Specifics
The Future is Biodegradable
Hernia Device
Summary
From the Paper "Periodontal disease affects up to 90% of the population and surgery has been the first choice of therapy. Surgery, however, does not restore lost periodontium. Restoration can happen if periodontal ligament cells can colonize root surfaces over gingival epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts or osteoblasts. The application of microporous membranes under periodontal flaps during surgery eventually brought this effect about. A biodegradable membrane would make a follow-up surgery unnecessary and benefit both patient and surgeon from further health condition and cost."
Abstract This paper looks at how the administration of thrombolytics is the gold standard for the treatment of acute MI. Nurses involved in the management of patients having thrombolytic therapy must be aware of the indications and contraindications for early thrombolysis and must feel comfortable that the medication is being appropriately administered only after a careful history and physical is obtained. It discusses how there are many conjunctive medications, which will be used to support blood pressure and ventricular dysfunction in the setting of AMI, and how nurses must be very aware of chest pain diagnosis and management protocols, as well as the possible interactions of medications.
From the Paper "Thrombolysis is considered the gold standard in the management of patients who are found to be truly experiencing acute myocardial infarction. But thrombolysis is a time-limited intervention and the medications are fraught with risks of their own. How can the managing nurse be assured that the medication will be appropriately administered to the patient who has been diagnosed acute myocardial infarction? What kind of management is then required to maintain the patient physiologically? What are the risks and benefits involved? These are all issues to be considered in any nurse who is caring for a patient receiving thrombolytic therapy."
This paper discusses the continual debate over the benefits of vaccine for protection of the public and for prevention of the disease versus the risk to individuals who receive the vaccine for vaccine-related complications.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 66.95
Abstract This paper explains that the common end goal for parties for and against immunization is the same; both parties want their children and the public to lead safe and healthy lives. The author points out that immunizations, which have eliminated numerous diseases that used to kill thousands of children, are the most cost-effective measure in all of medical science; children not immunized against measles have a 3500% higher risk of contracting measles than others. All children deserve the benefits of immunizations unless medically contraindicated. The paper relates that some people believe that vaccines are dangerous, that the government's power to deny individual rights is wrong, that vaccination does not constitute immunity, and that vaccines contain adjuvant substances known to amplify the body's response to the vaccine, which can sometimes cause allergic and autoimmune responses.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Those in Favor of Immunizations
Those Questioning Immunizations
Stakeholders
Interview of Health Care Providers
Parents Interviewed
Summary
From the Paper "For those promoters of vaccinations, the general belief is that "vaccination is modern medicine's greatest achievement." The goal would be to have 100% compliance. This group believes that vaccinations are necessary to the basic welfare of every child. "Public health officials take the stance that they are legally and morally obligated to act out of concern for the well being of every individual child, and the reality is that any unvaccinated child remains vulnerable to serious, even life-threatening diseases." Non-medical exemptions from immunizations also lower the level of protection in the general public."
Abstract Psoriasis is a long-term skin disease that includes scaling and inflammation. This paper presents an explanation of the disease and explores methods of treatment.
Paper Outline:
Definition
Effects on the Body
Indications
Contraindications Methods of Treatment
Prevention Methods
References
From the Paper "Immunomodulators are contraindicated when the patient has documeneted hypersensitivity, or is being given additional immunosuppressive agents. An immunomodulator, Methotrexate,is also contradindicated when a patient is pregnant, wishes to become pregnant, suffers from alcoholism, hepatic insufficiency, cirrhosis, primary or secondary immunodeficiency, or preexisting blood dyscrasis. Cyclosporine, another immunomodulator, is contraindicated by a patient's documented hypersensitivity, uncontrolled hypertension, concomitant administration with PUVA or UV-B radiation, abnormal renal function, or certain nephrotoxic drugs."
Abstract This paper looks at the drug SINEMET and its role in treating Parkinson's disease. It looks at the cause of Parkinson's disease, the role of dopamine, how SINEMET is used to treat the disease, its mode of action, its contraindications and side effects, and the dosages used.
From the Paper "Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the extra pyramidal nervous system which affects mobility and control of the muscular system ..."
Abstract This paper discusses indications and contraindications for liver transplantation. It discusses the MELD and PELD scoring systems and explains how they prioritize patients for receipt of a transplant. It also examines recent developments that now enable previously unsuitable candidates to be considered for transplantation.
From the Paper "Transplantation is the accepted treatment for patients with end stage liver disease. Because of an increasing number of patients being referred for transplantation, the gap between donate livers and recipients on the waiting list is ever increasing..."
Abstract This paper looks at the drug Sinemet, used to treat patients with Parkinson's disease. The author explains that the drug is a combination of carbidopa and levodopa, the carbidopa preventing the levodopa from being decarboxylated in tissues outside the CNS so that a maximum dose is delivered to the brain. The paper discusses the drug structure, dosage, side effects, and contraindications.
From the Paper "The drug being researched is Sinemet which came on the market in Leffler. The name Sinemet literally means without vomiting generic name Carbidopa-levodopa. The drug is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and syndrome ..."
Abstract This paper looks at Western massage and depression and includes a brief description of the condition, its signs and symptoms. It also looks at the etiology, prognosis and progression of the disease as well as iIndications and contraindications for massage. It describes a treatment plan for the initial session, including techniques used.
Abstract This paper examines some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with giving birth vaginally after having previously delivered by a Cesarean (VBAC). The paper looks at why doctors try to avoid them, but also gives support from the literature for their safety and success. The paper further discusses contraindications and the major problem which is uterine rupture following prior C-section. It points out that uterine rupture is usually due to Pitocin use, and that VBACs have a 98 percent success rate.
From the Paper "Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) is becoming increasingly popular and the medical profession has tried somewhat to discourage it because of the risk of uterine rupture. While postpartum fever seemed to correlate with uterine rupture at VBAC in a recent study there was no relationship between single or double..."
Tags: Vaginal Birth After Caesarean (VBAC), VBA2C, VBA2+C, VBA3+C
Abstract This paper describes the history, origin and medical uses of the Yohimbe herb. The paper explains that it is popularly used in West Africa as an aphrodisiac. Furthermore, the paper describes the characteristics of the Yohimbe tree and discusses the contraindications for usage of the Yohimbe Herb.
From the Paper "Yohimbe Bark Yohimbe is an herb obtained from the inner bark of the Yohimbe tree that grows wild in various countries in Africa. In West Africa Yohimbe has been and continues to be widely used as a medical plant. The inner bark is used as the herb and is available in tablet liquid extract and powder forms. Traditionally, both the crude bark and purified compound have been used as an aphrodisiac and smoked as a hallucinogen. The bark has also been used in traditional..."
Abstract This paper traces the roots of hypnosis to the 18th century when it was first used by Austrian Dr. Franz Anton Mesmer. This paper analyzes the various uses for hypnosis in curing and/or treating numerous disorders and conditions including convulsions, weight loss and even schizophrenia. This paper delves into the training and methods used in successful hypnosis. This paper details the benefits of hypnosis including cessation of smoking and dealing with diverse types of phobias. This paper examines the published research results pertaining to the effectiveness of hypnosis in managing physical pain such as osteoarthritis. This paper also discusses the morally negative aspects of hypnosis which can be both dangerous and highly unethical if not used as initially intended.
Table of Contents:
History
Methods and Training
Benefits of Hypnosis
Contraindications with Schizophrenia
The Research
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "Eye fixation is a method most commonly seen being practiced in movies where the hypnotist takes out a pocket-watch and swings it like a pendulum in front of the patient. This method is not very effective and a large number of people or patients do not get hypnotized using this method. However the concept is to get the patient to focus on the moving object with such a concentration that they disregard any other external stimuli. While the patient focuses on the object, the doctor, using a low soft tone talks to the patient. "The hypnotist says to his subject, 'Let your eyes focus oil some point on the wall. As you continue to stare, your eyelids could become heavy, so heavy that they may close, and you might feel more relaxed about going into trance whenever you are ready, either now or in a few moments'" (Don J. Feeney Jr., p.75). This puts the patient in a relaxed state. This method has now become obsolete but was used widely in the early days."
Abstract Moxifloxacin is an antibiotic, and it comes under the classification of fluoroquinolones. It is primarily used to fight bacteria in the body, and to treat bacterial infections, including pneumonia, acute bronchitis and sinusitis. This paper presents an in-depth overview of Moxifloxacin, including its composition, the way patients are treated and its therapeutic applications and effects. The paper includes diagrams.
Paper Outline:
Composition and Structure
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion
Mechanism of Action
Therapeutic Applications/Effects
Adverse Effects/Contraindications/Drug Interactions
Regulatory Issues for New Zealand
Reference List
From the Paper "Most adverse effects reported in clinical trails of the drug Moxifloxacin were described as being either moderate or extreme, and where it affected the entire body, it resulted in headache, abdominal pain, asthenia, injection site pain, and allergic reactions, and also certain moliasis, and certain pains all over the body. Cardiovascular reactions included palpitation, vasodilatation, tachycardia, and hypertension, or the QT interval would be inordinately prolonged. In the nervous system, the side effects are insomnia and vertigo, or somnolence, tremors, nausea, diarrhea, a severe anxiety, and so on and so forth, and in the digestive system, vomiting and constipation."
Abstract This paper identifies the different surgical treatments for pancreatic pseudo-cysts and attempts to determine which is the best option among these treatments. The paper explains that the three main surgical treatments available for the treatment of pancreatic pseudo-cysts are internal drainage, pancreatic resections and external drainage. The paper further explains its findings that, contrary to common medical acceptance, drainage is not the best surgical option for pancreatic pseudo-cysts. Rather, the paper explains, that most cases resolve spontaneously and patients do well without intervention and that sometimes patients can even develop complications or get worse when subjected to drainage.
From the Paper "A pancreatic pseudocyst is a localized collection of pancreatic-enzyme-rich fluid, originating from or near the pancreas and is enclosed in a wall of granulation and/or fibrous tissue, which lacks epithelial lining (Rossoa 2003). The incidence of chronic pancreatitis has been increasing and pancreatic pseudocyst is a common complication. Advances in radiological techniques have led to increased diagnosis of pseudocyst and better understanding of associated complications and the natural history of pseudocysts. New modes of treating the ailment have also increased surgical options. Statistics reveal that two-thirds of all pancreatic cystic lesions are pseudocysts, which complicate pancreatitis in 20-40% of patients, and that pseudocysts develop in 10-20% of acute pancreatitis patients. Furthermore, 14 or 14% of 102 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis developed a pseudocyst within 72 hours from admission (Rossoa)."
