Abstract
"The Contradictory Nature of Distinction 12 of Gratian's Decretum" is a six page paper about The Distinction 12 of Gratian's Decretum. It talks about the contradictory nature and its negation of itself, specifically in the idea of the law of "custom." Through the ancient canons and authorities, Gratian's own magisterial commentary and the ordinary gloss (outlined in the margins of the text), one can take that the laws of Gratian's Decretum were gray, to say the least, despite the authoritative perception of such laws.

From the Paper
The Contradictory Nature of Distinction 12 of Gratian's Decretum Distinction 12 of Gratian's Decretum is interesting to me in its contradictory nature and its negation of itself, specifically in the idea of the law of "custom." Through the ancient canons and authorities, Gratian's own magisterial commentary and the ordinary gloss (outlined in the margins of the text), one can take that the laws of Gratian's Decretum were gray, to say the least, despite the authoritative perception of such laws. In this grayness we can look inside a cryptic space that offers us an example of how laws of faith, custom and the politics in between these two words were conducted. Perhaps Distinction 12 of Gratian's Decretum

Tags:philosophy, gratian, decretum

Abstract
This paper explores the contradictions in American history and society by looking at the personal experiences of Frederick Douglass and Walt Whitman.

Abstract
This paper discusses the part played by John Keats in the Romantic movement. The writer gives a brief overview of Keats' life and explains, giving examples from "Ode to a Nightingale and "Bright Star," how his writing shows his passion for appreciating the natural beauty of the known world, as well as his ability to express the tension between the desire and the reality of life. Doomed to an early death by his chronic tuberculosis, the contradictory force of wanting to live for his love, but also wanting to be somewhere else and to be something else to escape the truth was excruciating for Keats. He captured the moment of ecstasy amidst the pain, a moment in time where the human soul is able to leave suffering behind by escaping into the idealistic beauty of Nature. The paper concludes that Keats' influence on the Romantic period may have been greater than that of any other writer in his time.

From the Paper
"Keats was drawn to the organic, ethereal nostalgia of the earth. All of his poems include characteristics of natural phenomena that expose his perception of the world as the ultimate and perfect existence, the entity that a dying Keats strongly desires to identify with. For instance, in Ode to a Nightingale, the song of the bird heard from the window is immortalized in several of Keats's stanzas. By the third stanza, Keats encourages the bird to enjoy its freedom."

Tags:literary, anti-intellectualism, humanitarianism, Yeats, Shelley, conflict, death

Abstract
In Japanese culture, there is a tradition of scholastic "excellence" about which there is a considerable amount of contradictory information. One such issue is the purpose and processes of such supplemental educational practices as "cram schools." This paper will define what "cram schools" are and offer some competing rationalizations concerning the history of their existence and the contradictory perspectives of the purpose, benefits and social costs of such supplemental education. This paper will argue that the education system itself is not specifically responsible for the existence of cram schools; but rather, that the presence of these schools can be traced through a variety of cultural and historical beliefs about the role of the family; that is, how particular ideological values are structured into family values and how concepts of "success" are directly traceable to the paternalistic ideologies which structure the family, in terms of family-role.

Abstract
This exercise involves analyzing statements and rewriting them according to the laws of logic and the form of the syllogism, creating obverse, contradictory, and contrapositive statements and testing the validity of categorical syllogisms on the basis of certain rules as to what is and is not valid in such statements, with some syllogisms failing the test.

From the Paper
I. 1. All public offices involve a public trust. 2. No economic news is scary. 3. All wise men avoid religious disputes. 4. All prophets are false prophets. 5. All banks had a cautious investment strategy last year. 6. All poets appreciate an autumn sunset. 7. All dogs cannot climb trees. 8. All the party's candidates lose elections. II.

Tags:syllogisms, logic, writing

Abstract
"High numbers of women use alcohol during pregnancy and this pattern is related to later developmental problems in the child (Anonymous, 2009). Many women drink during pregnancy because of contradictory and misleading messages they receive (Constantinou, 2005). Women who drink even very small amounts of alcohol during pregnancy are unknowingly posing the most serious risks to their child's physical, mental, and emotional development. Nurses have the task of ensuring that women have the proper information and know the risks that drinking during pregnancy could pose to the infant. "

From the Paper
Avoiding Alcohol during Pregnancy Introduction High numbers of women use alcohol during pregnancy and this pattern is related to later developmental problems in the child (Anonymous, 2009). Many women drink during pregnancy because of contradictory and misleading messages they receive (Constantinou, 2005). Women who drink even very small amounts of alcohol during pregnancy are unknowingly posing the most serious risks to their child's physical, mental, and emotional development. Nurses have the task of ensuring that women have the proper information and know the risks that drinking during pregnancy could pose

Tags:alcohol, pregnancy, harm

Abstract
This paper offers the perspective that Islam sends contradictory messages about the validity of pluralism and democracy. The paper defines democracy and its manifestations as well as the militant forms of both Islam and democracy. The focus of the paper is on Islam as a religious belief system that shaped social, political, cultural relations in many nation-states.

From the Paper
"Democracy is often characterized as a method of giving all citizens in a nation-state a share in political decision making. However, the word democracy is used in a number of different ways. Direct democracies are distinguished from representative democracies in that the latter reflect governance systems in which voters select their favored representatives. Democracy is also manifested by different types of representative systems with degrees of participation integral to the determination of the nature of the democracy."

Tags:Islam, democracy

Abstract
In this research essay, a comparison is made between the health benefits of vegetarian/vegan diets vs. meat diets. As will be shown, there is some contradictory evidence, in that while there is a wealth of evidence suggesting that vegetarian/vegan diets are healthier than meat diets, there are also some troubling indications that vegans in particular may suffer from serious nutritional deficiencies. Nonetheless, overall it seems clear that vegetarian/vegan diets confer greater health benefits than do meat diets.

From the Paper
Vegetarian/Vegan Diets vs. Meat Diets In this research essay, a comparison is made between the health benefits of vegetarian/vegan diets vs. meat diets. As will be shown, there is some contradictory evidence, in that while there is a wealth of evidence suggesting that vegetarian/vegan diets are healthier than meat diets, there are also some troubling indications that vegans in particular may suffer from serious nutritional deficiencies. Nonetheless, overall it seems clear that vegetarian/vegan diets confer greater health benefits than do meat diets. As is well known, the Western world currently faces an epidemic of

Tags:vegan, vegetarian, diet

Abstract
This paper discusses the contradictory nature of research involving very young children and their knowledge of visual events that are physically impossible versus possible. It specifically looks at research regarding object permanence, object height and object width in the understanding of infants and toddlers. The paper shows how the apparent contradiction of these tests have significant implications for child psychology and development.

From the Paper
"Research regarding object permanence and other, object height, and object width in infants and toddlers has consistently baffled researchers. While infants have suggested that they recognize an object's ability to exist when not visible, toddlers have shown confusion in grasping the same subject. If the results obtained by these studies are, indeed, correct, they will have shocking implications for the world of child psychology and child development. In order to further research the phenomenon, students must determine whether or not the results of the previous experiments were due to error and conduct a series of experiments that will monitor infants as they grow into toddlers, pinpointing the moment of skill loss. By following this proposal, researchers and scientists will be able to understand the cause of these bizarre results."

Tags:height, weight, solidity, continuity, possible

Abstract
The paper defines the teachings and practices of the religion Islam and gives an overview of its history. The paper shows how the classic Islamic religion which preaches restraint from violent acts, is in contradiction to radical Islamic groups who commit terrorist acts in the name of Allah.

From the Paper
"Take as an example Osama bin Laden's group, the Al Qaeda. They are Muslims in belief, but they do not understand fully the concepts and beliefs that were written in Islamic doctrines about the proper path and living that Muslims should commit themselves to. Instead, they had violated every possible moral and religious belief that Islam strictly adheres to. An example would be the terrorist attacks bin Laden and his group (Qaeda) had committed. These acts of violence and terrorism are a strong contradiction to the Muslim belief that Allah's follower should not inflict any physical harm to any living thing, whatever their worth is. Another prevailing example is the constant abuse that the Taliban government in Afghanistan and bin Laden's group has inflicted to the women and children of their nation. This is in direct violation to the doctrine of Quran that the women are to be treated with respect and reverence, and this also includes the children, future Muslims themselves."

Tags:Allah, Muhammad, khalifa, Five, (5), Pillars, Mecca, Jihad, Osama, bin, Laden, Al, Qaeda