Abstract
The paper explains that one of the most commonly used contraceptives are birth-control pills or oral contraceptives, which contain the two female hormones, estrogen and progestin. The author relates that one of the more recent developments in contraceptives is commonly known as "The Patch", which works just like the contraceptive pill, except that a patch only needs to be applied weekly, whereas the pill needs to be taken daily. The paper concludes that the decision as to what kind of contraception to use is up to the individual; every woman needs to weigh the benefits and disadvantages of each method against her own needs.

From the Paper
"Contraceptive injections are a less popular form of contraception. This method requires an injection every three months, with the injection providing 99% effectiveness against pregnancy. The major benefit of this method is that action is only required once every three months. This means that women having sex regularly don't have to worry about inserting diaphragms or taking pills on a daily basis. The major problem associated with the method is the side-effects that can occur. These side-effects include irregular periods, excessive periods and weight gain. These problems are enhanced because the side-effects will persist for the 3 month period."

Tags:pill, patch, iud, injections, condoms

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the different types of emergency contraceptives such as the "morning-after pill" and Copper-T Intrauterine Device (IUD). It looks at how offering the emergency contraceptive pills for sale over the counter is a very controversial issue and how the on-going debate on whether to allow their open sale remains a tough issue.

From the Paper
"The other type of emergency contraceptives is the Copper-T Intrauterine Device (IUD). This can be inserted in the uterus of the woman up to five days after the sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy. It can then either be removed after the woman's next menstrual period, or it can be left in the body to provide continuous effective contraception for up to ten years p://ec.priceton.edu/questions/dose.html). The copper IUD alters the lining of the uterus by causing an inflammatory reaction that makes it inhospitable to implantation of the egg and hence prevents occurrence of a pregnancy. It also interferes with the fertilization and movement of the egg to the fallopian tubes (Winikoff and Wymelenberg, p 213, 1997). This method of contraception can only be done by a qualified physician because of the technicality of inserting the device in the right position."

Tags:menstrual, period, pregnancy, pill, iud

Abstract
A paper on the concept of contraception in Christianity.

Tags:christianity, contraceptives, concept

Abstract
The paper discusses how, because they are health care providers, nurses are located in an ideal position to influence health care policy development. The paper relates that an increasing number of nurses are becoming involved in political activities at the present time. However, the paper points out that to be effective in the political process, nurses need to create and develop frameworks as well as strategies. Essentially, the paper argues that nurses need to be proficient in negotiation and in being able to ensure that all players participate in ethical action (Greipp, 2002).

From the Paper
"Because they are health care providers, nurses are located in an ideal position to influence health care policy development. An increasing number of nurses are becoming involved in political activities at the present time. However, to be effective in the political process, nurses need to create and develop frameworks as well as strategies. Essentially, nurses need to be proficient in negotiation and in being able to ensure that all players participate in ethical action (Greipp, 2002). The current health care issue which needs to be brought to the attention of legislators and for which nurses need to develop a political action..."

Tags:legislation, ethics, minors

Abstract
In this essay, the subject of contraceptives in Kenya is discussed. This includes why Western medicine will not work in a society that basis wealth on the size of the family, the lack of understanding on both parties involved, the failure of family planning programs and the lack of follow up procedures. Before seeing the western trend of smaller families as the ideal, the paper argues that one must look at the notion of children as a form of wealth in the African family. Children remain valuable assets, even when the family is faced with economic hardship. Furthermore, in advance of implementing western knowledge of contraception, both sides must be educated in each others levels of understanding. Finally, to be educated, these women must have adequate resources. If high fertility rates want to be lowered, than there needs to be access to knowledgeable programs.

From the Paper
"The West fails on the absence of understanding why these contraceptives are unavailable, and when they are, why the Africans do not use them. The lack of understanding falls on the East when one realizes that they have no education on contraceptive issues. Absence of understanding of the African culture plays a part in the misconceptions of a high fertility rate."

Tags:africa, anthropology, birth, contraception, control, education, third, women, world

Abstract
This paper focuses on an article dealing with adolescent mothers and contraceptive services in South Africa. The paper discusses the young women's knowledge of contraception devices, and why they fail to utilize them.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to answer several questions concerning the following article "Adolescent Mothers' Utilization of Contraceptive Services in South Africa" V. J. Ehlers, International Council of Nurses, International Nursing Review. This study investigates South African adolescent mothers' knowledge of contraception relating the information gained to why young women fail to utilize contraception and contraception services and so end up pregnant. Nurses are of course involved in every area of reproductive health. Therefore, the study is of great importance to nurses however this..."

Tags:South Africa, adolescent, mothers, contraceptive

Abstract
The writer describes the details of his project on conscientious objection and the dispensation of drugs in emergency contraception cases. The paper explains that the project is justified and desirable on the grounds that determining a professional pharmacist's moral and ethical responsibilities to his or her patients in crisis situations will go a long way towards establishing appropriate ethical parameters for professionals who are trying to reconcile their duties with their own conscience. The writer relates that the research paper is both an ethical treatise and a personal journey.

From the Paper
"Dear Instructor: The following few pages are devoted to describing the details of my project on conscientious objection and the dispensation of drugs in emergency contraception cases. The project is justified and desirable on the grounds that determining a professional pharmacist's moral and ethical responsibilities to his or her patients in crisis situations will go a long way towards establishing appropriate ethical parameters for professionals who are trying to reconcile their duties with their own..."

Tags:cases, emergency, contraception

Abstract
Abortion is a deeply controversial subject. It drives a great many emotional responses which are founded in philosophical, political and practical dispositions on the subject. The paper suggests that one of the reasons for women seeking abortions are unwanted pregnancies and that addressing the matter of unwanted pregnancies is the best way to decrease the number of abortions. The paper then examines the question of whether or not it is the nurse's ethical responsibility to encourage the use of the emergency contraception pill as a way to prevent unwanted pregnancy. In addition, the paper considers such matters as the pill's proven effectiveness, the availability and presence of public knowledge on the subject and issues relating to cultural, ideological or political resistance.

From the Paper
"Of course, it is fair to acknowledge that any number of factors prevent us from assuming that all of the women surveyed were either at risk of pregnancy, were desiring not to become pregnant or were not already using some form of contraception. However, the study does reinforce this finding with the notation that of U.K. women in the same age group arriving at hospitals for an abortion procedure, only 11% have used the emergency contraception method in the interest of avoiding the occurrence of an unwanted pregnancy. It is therefore suggested that quite indeed, for the nurse practitioner, there is some greater barrier to overcome beyond simply a lack of public awareness. Instead, it must also be considered that accessibility, affordability or simple convenience may all be factors in encouraging or preventing high risk women in taking this action."

Tags:abortion hospital nurse unwanted pregnancy medical information ethical, birth control, contraception unprotected sexual intercourse

Abstract
This paper reviews sex education programs in the public schools. The author critiques the effort of the anti-contraception movement to suppress information about sexuality.

Tags:Birth, Control, Contraception, Public, Schools, Religious, fundamentalism

Abstract
This paper reviews alternatives to the various contraceptive methods available. The writer looks into the issue of possible side effects and also into each device's respective effectiveness in providing reliable protection from pregnancy. The writer notes that there are in fact several workable and reasonably dependable methods to prevent pregnancy, and those are reviewed. In the conclusion of the paper, the writer makes the recommendation for the contraceptive device that this writer believes is the best for the woman who fears she may forget to take her pill.

Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The contraceptive patch gives the woman "continuous daily doses" of estrogen; the woman has to put a new patch on each week, so one can see that for a forgetful person, the patch might not be the best way to go. She puts a new patch on each week for 3 weeks, then goes a week without the patch, during which time her menstruation occurs. The FDA warns women who use the patch, that they are getting higher doses of estrogen than with oral contraceptives."
"Another option is the vaginal ring, which is "easily inserted" and it remains in her vagina for three weeks; she takes it out after three weeks, goes a week without a ring, and then puts a new one in for three more weeks."

Tags:birth, control, pill, estrogen, IUD