Abstract In this essay, the subject of contraceptives in Kenya is discussed. This includes why Western medicine will not work in a society that basis wealth on the size of the family, the lack of understanding on both parties involved, the failure of family planning programs and the lack of follow up procedures. Before seeing the western trend of smaller families as the ideal, the paper argues that one must look at the notion of children as a form of wealth in the African family. Children remain valuable assets, even when the family is faced with economic hardship. Furthermore, in advance of implementing western knowledge of contraception, both sides must be educated in each other's levels of understanding. Finally, to be educated, these women must have adequate resources. If high fertility rates want to be lowered, than there needs to be access to knowledgeable programs.
From the Paper "The West fails on the absence of understanding why these contraceptives are unavailable, and when they are, why the Africans do not use them. The lack of understanding falls on the East when one realizes that they have no education on contraceptive issues. Absence of understanding of the African culture plays a part in the misconceptions of a high fertility rate."
Tags: africa, anthropology, birth, contraception, control, education, third, women, world
Abstract This paper reviews sex education programs in the public schools. The author critiques the effort of the anti-contraception movement to suppress information about sexuality.
The paper examines the proposition that a nurse has an ethical responsibility to encourage women in danger of an unwanted pregnancy, to use the emergency contraception pill.
Abstract Abortion is a deeply controversial subject. It drives a great many emotional responses which are founded in philosophical, political and practical dispositions on the subject. The paper suggests that one of the reasons for women seeking abortions are unwanted pregnancies and that addressing the matter of unwanted pregnancies is the best way to decrease the number of abortions. The paper then examines the question of whether or not it is the nurse's ethical responsibility to encourage the use of the emergency contraception pill as a way to prevent unwanted pregnancy. In addition, the paper considers such matters as the pill's proven effectiveness, the availability and presence of public knowledge on the subject and issues relating to cultural, ideological or political resistance.
From the Paper "Of course, it is fair to acknowledge that any number of factors prevent us from assuming that all of the women surveyed were either at risk of pregnancy, were desiring not to become pregnant or were not already using some form of contraception. However, the study does reinforce this finding with the notation that of U.K. women in the same age group arriving at hospitals for an abortion procedure, only 11% have used the emergency contraception method in the interest of avoiding the occurrence of an unwanted pregnancy. It is therefore suggested that quite indeed, for the nurse practitioner, there is some greater barrier to overcome beyond simply a lack of public awareness. Instead, it must also be considered that accessibility, affordability or simple convenience may all be factors in encouraging or preventing high risk women in taking this action."
Tags: abortion hospital nurse unwanted pregnancy medical information ethical, birth control, contraception unprotected sexual intercourse
Abstract The paper explains that one of the most commonly used contraceptives are birth-control pills or oral contraceptives, which contain the two female hormones, estrogen and progestin. The author relates that one of the more recent developments in contraceptives is commonly known as "The Patch", which works just like the contraceptive pill, except that a patch only needs to be applied weekly, whereas the pill needs to be taken daily. The paper concludes that the decision as to what kind of contraception to use is up to the individual; every woman needs to weigh the benefits and disadvantages of each method against her own needs.
From the Paper "Contraceptive injections are a less popular form of contraception. This method requires an injection every three months, with the injection providing 99% effectiveness against pregnancy. The major benefit of this method is that action is only required once every three months. This means that women having sex regularly don?t have to worry about inserting diaphragms or taking pills on a daily basis. The major problem associated with the method is the side-effects that can occur. These side-effects include irregular periods, excessive periods and weight gain. These problems are enhanced because the side-effects will persist for the 3 month period."
Abstract This paper describes the use and availability of the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) in the US. The writer argues in favor of this contraceptive method, citing statistics that demonstrate its need and benefit. Also discussed is recent legislation regarding ECP and FDA approval of various types of this drug. The author also details the confusion and misinformation associated with ECP. The author concludes that emergency contraception pills are a safe and effective method of preventing unplanned pregnancies.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Background of the Problem
Discussion
Conclusions
From the Paper "Emergency contraception is commonly known as the morning after pill. The name comes from the fact that these methods of birth control are used after a person has had unprotected sex. Unplanned pregnancies are common around the world and it is believed that 50 million unwanted pregnancies are terminated every year globally. [1]In the United States alone, 1 million and more abortions could be prevented with more widespread use of emergency contraceptives."
Tags: morning, after, pill, emerency, contraceptive, pill, birth, control
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the history of oral contraceptives in the United States and the world is one of many controversies. The writer points out that the fight by forward minded women and men, attempting to create a society where every child was a planned and welcomed member to a loving family, has been long and arduous and certainly is not over yet. The writer discusses that the issues surrounding oral contraceptives are varied but include perspectives of ethical/moral grounds, issues regarding the science of development, issues regarding pharmaceutical economics, issues regarding general economics such as access in underserved populations, and more common economic arguments about benefits versus cost. The writer concludes that future pharmacological research and development will continue to improve upon oral contraceptives, possibly further decreasing the unwanted side effects associated with the pill.
From the Paper "The draw to the pill as an effective form of contraception is often related of the ability to take the pill at any time, (providing that you take it around the same time every day) but that it can be separated from the act of sex, a common complaint by barrier contraceptive method users. Proper use of "the pill" as it is often called will create a situation of failure in only 1% of cases, though clinicians and manufacturers are careful to warn that if a pill is skipped ovulation can occur and that there are other medications that if taken in conjunction with the pill make it less effective, such as antibiotics. Another benefit of the pill is that it is relatively quick to take effect once the cycle of pills has been started, though this varies between different pill forms, with combined contraceptives, (estrogen and progesterone) the most common form taking about a week to take full effect and progesterone only pills (mini pills) taking only a few days. Lastly, the relatively quick manner in which the oral contraceptives leave the body, and therefore allow fertility again is another serious draw for use."
Abstract This paper provides an overview of the different types of emergency contraceptives such as the "morning-after pill" and Copper-T Intrauterine Device (IUD). It looks at how offering the emergency contraceptive pills for sale over the counter is a very controversial issue and how the on-going debate on whether to allow their open sale remains a tough issue.
From the Paper "The other type of emergency contraceptives is the Copper-T Intrauterine Device (IUD). This can be inserted in the uterus of the woman up to five days after the sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy. It can then either be removed after the woman's next menstrual period, or it can be left in the body to provide continuous effective contraception for up to ten years p://ec.priceton.edu/questions/dose.html). The copper IUD alters the lining of the uterus by causing an inflammatory reaction that makes it inhospitable to implantation of the egg and hence prevents occurrence of a pregnancy. It also interferes with the fertilization and movement of the egg to the fallopian tubes (Winikoff and Wymelenberg, p 213, 1997). This method of contraception can only be done by a qualified physician because of the technicality of inserting the device in the right position."
Abstract This paper reviews alternatives to the various contraceptive methods available. The writer looks into the issue of possible side effects and also into each device's respective effectiveness in providing reliable protection from pregnancy. The writer notes that there are in fact several workable and reasonably dependable methods to prevent pregnancy, and those are reviewed. In the conclusion of the paper, the writer makes the recommendation for the contraceptive device that this writer believes is the best for the woman who fears she may forget to take her pill.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Conclusion
From the Paper "The contraceptive patch gives the woman "continuous daily doses" of estrogen; the woman has to put a new patch on each week, so one can see that for a forgetful person, the patch might not be the best way to go. She puts a new patch on each week for 3 weeks, then goes a week without the patch, during which time her menstruation occurs. The FDA warns women who use the patch, that they are getting higher doses of estrogen than with oral contraceptives."
"Another option is the vaginal ring, which is "easily inserted" and it remains in her vagina for three weeks; she takes it out after three weeks, goes a week without a ring, and then puts a new one in for three more weeks."
Abstract This paper discusses Pope Paul VI's 1968 encyclical, entitled "Humanae Vitae," (or "On Human Life), which condemned the use of all artificial means of contraception as a sin and called on all Roman Catholics to reject the contraceptive mentality. It discusses the controversy surrounding his ruling and the practical implications of it for Christians.
From the Paper " AIDS campaigners put the blame on the condoms ban as contributing to the spread of the disease (Bruce 2006). Reports said that the majority of the 40 million infected people came from developing countries in Africa and urged the Church to take appropriate action. The Catholic Church has dogmatically taught that each sexual act within marriage must always be open to procreation. The Vatican, however, stands pat on its teaching on condoms. It continues to teach that the only way to avoid AIDS is through fidelity and chastity. It neither confirmed nor denied the report on the evaluation of a possible relaxation of the condoms ban. Some predicted a change in the Church's teaching while others felt it would be a disastrous gamble to make over the one of the Vatican's major doctrines. It could compound controversies among Catholics and an erosion of faith even among the clergy in the highest levels in the Vatican (Bruce)."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the current health care issue which needs to be brought to the attention of legislators and for which nurses need to develop a political action plan is the availability of contraceptive supplies or procedures to minors. The writer points out that many states recognize that parents should have the right to make health care decisions for a minor child but that in certain cases, the minor needs access to confidential services. The writer discusses that under the Title X family planning program instituted in 1970, contraceptive services and other reproductive health care services have been available to all individuals who need them, irrespective of age. Meanwhile, the writer notes that debates over parental consent or notification have been taking place at both the state and federal level, and that states tend to favor parents taking responsibility for the decisions of their minor child.
From the Paper "On the basis of Greipp's model, the consumer forces driving the policy consist of teenagers who have made the decision to become sexually active as opposed to parents who wish to have the responsibility for their children's choices. In many cases, the consumer includes the entire community which believes that parents need to either make or at least collaborate with their adolescent children about major decisions. Motivators include parents' desires to influence their children regarding the most significant decisions of their lives. Motivators also consist of parental concerns for the current and future physical and psychosocial wellbeing of their children.The ethical principle of beneficence and the moral theory of deontology also can be motivators for both parents and the community as they strive both individually and collectively to fulfill what they perceive as their obligations to their children. "
Tags: confidentiality, contraceptive, health, care, child
Abstract This paper looks at the social consequences of artificial contraception, especially the birth-control pill. It considers pre-pill sexual mores, and why and how they changed, along with direct and indirect social effects of the transformation in attitudes known as the sexual revolution.
Tags: birth control pill, sexual revolution, sexual mores
Abstract This paper looks into the issue of oral contraception, or the birth control pill. First, the issue is stated and then, the historical background of the issue is given. Next, the issue is formulated. Then, those who are implicated, involved, and/or affected are discussed. Further, the writer provides an analysis of the paper's position. Then, a resolution and relativistic position are given. Finally, the paper and issue is summarized.
Abstract This paper explores the impact of family planning workers within the rural areas of Bangladesh, and how the influence of family members contributes to women's decisions about contraceptive use. Specifically, the paper discusses the living arrangements of married women in the patrilineal culture of Bangladesh and the influence of intergenerational relationships with their mother-in-laws, as well as the approval of their husbands, upon their contraceptive choices. Additionally, the paper talks about the effect of family planning workers within Bangladesh on the use of contraceptives, and whether the use of family planning workers results in contraceptive switching and to what extent.
Outline:
History of Family Planning Efforts
Family Planning Workers
Family Influence
From the Paper "One of the primary threats to the continued economic growth and development of Bangladesh has been the country's extremely high rate of fertility, particularly within poor, rural communities such as Matlab. Since the 1970's, family planning efforts have been underway by the government and other healthcare and research agencies to introduce Bangladeshi women to modern contraceptives and to provide motivation for their continued use. This paper will explore the presence of family planning workers within the country and the effects of their efforts to educate women about contraceptive use. It will also discuss the impact of a woman's family members upon her contraceptive choices, with a specific focus on the influence of her mother-in-law and husband upon those decisions. "
Analyzes an article on teenage pregnancy written by L. Dinerman, M. Wilson, A. Duggan and Al Joffe, which compares the effectiveness of different forms of contraception on teenage girls.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, 2002, $ 44.95
Abstract In 1995, Linda M. Dinerman, Michele D. Wilson, Anne K. Duggan and Alain Joffe, conducted a study to determine the differences in long-term pregnancy prevention in teens between the use of implants, oral contraceptives and other contraceptive methods. Their study employed a broad experiment that focused on 166 girls between the ages of 12 and 18 who were all sexually active. The experimental study discovered that the use of Norplant was a more effective method of contraception than any other method studied. The authors relied upon a hospital-based clinical setting in which to observe the participants. The study employed a quantitative method of research and was based upon solid theory. The results of the study can be considered statistically significant.
