Abstract
This paper focuses on an article dealing with adolescent mothers and contraceptive services in South Africa. The paper discusses the young women's knowledge of contraception devices, and why they fail to utilize them.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to answer several questions concerning the following article "Adolescent Mothers' Utilization of Contraceptive Services in South Africa" V. J. Ehlers, International Council of Nurses, International Nursing Review. This study investigates South African adolescent mothers' knowledge of contraception relating the information gained to why young women fail to utilize contraception and contraception services and so end up pregnant. Nurses are of course involved in every area of reproductive health. Therefore, the study is of great importance to nurses however this..."

Tags:South Africa, adolescent, mothers, contraceptive

Abstract
This paper reviews alternatives to the various contraceptive methods available. The writer looks into the issue of possible side effects and also into each device's respective effectiveness in providing reliable protection from pregnancy. The writer notes that there are in fact several workable and reasonably dependable methods to prevent pregnancy, and those are reviewed. In the conclusion of the paper, the writer makes the recommendation for the contraceptive device that this writer believes is the best for the woman who fears she may forget to take her pill.

Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The contraceptive patch gives the woman "continuous daily doses" of estrogen; the woman has to put a new patch on each week, so one can see that for a forgetful person, the patch might not be the best way to go. She puts a new patch on each week for 3 weeks, then goes a week without the patch, during which time her menstruation occurs. The FDA warns women who use the patch, that they are getting higher doses of estrogen than with oral contraceptives."
"Another option is the vaginal ring, which is "easily inserted" and it remains in her vagina for three weeks; she takes it out after three weeks, goes a week without a ring, and then puts a new one in for three more weeks."

Tags:birth, control, pill, estrogen, IUD

Abstract
This paper looks into the issue of oral contraception, or the birth control pill. First, the issue is stated and then, the historical background of the issue is given. Next, the issue is formulated. Then, those who are implicated, involved, and/or affected are discussed. Further, the writer provides an analysis of the paper's position. Then, a resolution and relativistic position are given. Finally, the paper and issue is summarized.

Tags:birth, control, pill

Abstract
This paper argues that the advertisements by the pharmaceutical companies structure gender roles or appropriate ways of being a woman and imply inappropriate gender behavior through a highly selective and limited portrayal of the ways in which female sexuality can be expressed. Next, the author relates the conflicts and contradictions that arise between what is considered appropriate female sexuality in birth control advertisements and what is considered appropriate by other areas of American society, such as religious institutions and the institution of family. The paper explains that the intersections of gender with ethnicity, class and ability may influence how different women perceive these advertisements and thus perform their gender roles. Based on these insights, the paper includes a suggested policy brief by the author regarding oral contraceptive advertisements.

From the Paper
"Second, and specific to the context of an oral contraceptive advertisement, not only are the lacking types of women in the alesse advertisements made into others, but they are made into others who are less likely to be sexually active or sexually desired. Since only one type of female body is depicted in the ads, there is an implication that women who do not have this type of body are not in need of, or at least less likely to be in need of, a product that allows women to be sexually active while preventing pregnancy. The use of only women conventionally attractive women in the ads sends a message that those types of women are most likely to frequently engage in sex for non-reproductive purposes, and therefore, are the women most likely to be desired by men, able to express themselves sexually and experience sexual pleasure most frequently. Women who are not white, thin, under the age of 30, able-bodied are left out entirely, as if they are unlikely to have opportunities to engage in sex for pleasure because they do not meet superficial standards of femininity. Tied into the first implication that conventionally attractive women are more in need of oral contraceptives is a second implication that those women are more likely to have successful careers, high levels of education, or any position where preventing pregnancy is an asset."

Tags:sex, restrictive gender roles, physical appearance, spontaneous romance, de-privatized

Abstract
In this essay, the subject of contraceptives in Kenya is discussed. This includes why Western medicine will not work in a society that basis wealth on the size of the family, the lack of understanding on both parties involved, the failure of family planning programs and the lack of follow up procedures. Before seeing the western trend of smaller families as the ideal, the paper argues that one must look at the notion of children as a form of wealth in the African family. Children remain valuable assets, even when the family is faced with economic hardship. Furthermore, in advance of implementing western knowledge of contraception, both sides must be educated in each others levels of understanding. Finally, to be educated, these women must have adequate resources. If high fertility rates want to be lowered, than there needs to be access to knowledgeable programs.

From the Paper
"The West fails on the absence of understanding why these contraceptives are unavailable, and when they are, why the Africans do not use them. The lack of understanding falls on the East when one realizes that they have no education on contraceptive issues. Absence of understanding of the African culture plays a part in the misconceptions of a high fertility rate."

Tags:africa, anthropology, birth, contraception, control, education, third, women, world

Abstract
The paper explains that one of the most commonly used contraceptives are birth-control pills or oral contraceptives, which contain the two female hormones, estrogen and progestin. The author relates that one of the more recent developments in contraceptives is commonly known as "The Patch", which works just like the contraceptive pill, except that a patch only needs to be applied weekly, whereas the pill needs to be taken daily. The paper concludes that the decision as to what kind of contraception to use is up to the individual; every woman needs to weigh the benefits and disadvantages of each method against her own needs.

From the Paper
"Contraceptive injections are a less popular form of contraception. This method requires an injection every three months, with the injection providing 99% effectiveness against pregnancy. The major benefit of this method is that action is only required once every three months. This means that women having sex regularly don't have to worry about inserting diaphragms or taking pills on a daily basis. The major problem associated with the method is the side-effects that can occur. These side-effects include irregular periods, excessive periods and weight gain. These problems are enhanced because the side-effects will persist for the 3 month period."

Tags:pill, patch, iud, injections, condoms

Abstract
This paper discusses Pope Paul VI's 1968 encyclical, entitled "Humanae Vitae," (or "On Human Life), which condemned the use of all artificial means of contraception as a sin and called on all Roman Catholics to reject the contraceptive mentality. It discusses the controversy surrounding his ruling and the practical implications of it for Christians.

From the Paper
" AIDS campaigners put the blame on the condoms ban as contributing to the spread of the disease (Bruce 2006). Reports said that the majority of the 40 million infected people came from developing countries in Africa and urged the Church to take appropriate action. The Catholic Church has dogmatically taught that each sexual act within marriage must always be open to procreation. The Vatican, however, stands pat on its teaching on condoms. It continues to teach that the only way to avoid AIDS is through fidelity and chastity. It neither confirmed nor denied the report on the evaluation of a possible relaxation of the condoms ban. Some predicted a change in the Church's teaching while others felt it would be a disastrous gamble to make over the one of the Vatican's major doctrines. It could compound controversies among Catholics and an erosion of faith even among the clergy in the highest levels in the Vatican (Bruce)."

Tags:Vatican, procreation, fidelity, chastity

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the different types of emergency contraceptives such as the "morning-after pill" and Copper-T Intrauterine Device (IUD). It looks at how offering the emergency contraceptive pills for sale over the counter is a very controversial issue and how the on-going debate on whether to allow their open sale remains a tough issue.

From the Paper
"The other type of emergency contraceptives is the Copper-T Intrauterine Device (IUD). This can be inserted in the uterus of the woman up to five days after the sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy. It can then either be removed after the woman's next menstrual period, or it can be left in the body to provide continuous effective contraception for up to ten years p://ec.priceton.edu/questions/dose.html). The copper IUD alters the lining of the uterus by causing an inflammatory reaction that makes it inhospitable to implantation of the egg and hence prevents occurrence of a pregnancy. It also interferes with the fertilization and movement of the egg to the fallopian tubes (Winikoff and Wymelenberg, p 213, 1997). This method of contraception can only be done by a qualified physician because of the technicality of inserting the device in the right position."

Tags:menstrual, period, pregnancy, pill, iud

Abstract
This paper relates that female sterilization, especially among less educated and low-income women, and the use of the pill, especially among better educated women, white and higher-income women, have increased. The paper stresses that abortion, considered a form of birth control, remains one of the hottest areas of debate; within a decade of the "Roe vs. Wade" decision legalizing abortion, women still had difficulty obtaining abortion services and many have to travel out of state. The paper urges more research on a birth control pill for men stating that the economic value of the market for a male birth control pill could be greater than the economic value of the market for medications for the heart.

From the Paper
"The intervention of government in the area of birth control has continued to include free birth control and even mandatory Norplant proposals of individuals who receive welfare. In a number of states, there have been proposals to give women, on welfare, financial bonuses if they accept Norplant implants. There is opposition to this though.
Like mandatory Norplant proposals, offering financial incentives to poor women to use Norplant violates the law in a number of ways. These proposals represent an impermissible government intrusion into intimate decisions that are protected by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution and similar provisions of many state constitutions."

Tags:sterilization, pill, condom, abortion, norplant

Abstract
A paper on the concept of contraception in Christianity.

Tags:christianity, contraceptives, concept