Abstract
The writer describes the details of his project on conscientious objection and the dispensation of drugs in emergency contraception cases. The paper explains that the project is justified and desirable on the grounds that determining a professional pharmacist's moral and ethical responsibilities to his or her patients in crisis situations will go a long way towards establishing appropriate ethical parameters for professionals who are trying to reconcile their duties with their own conscience. The writer relates that the research paper is both an ethical treatise and a personal journey.

From the Paper
"Dear Instructor: The following few pages are devoted to describing the details of my project on conscientious objection and the dispensation of drugs in emergency contraception cases. The project is justified and desirable on the grounds that determining a professional pharmacist's moral and ethical responsibilities to his or her patients in crisis situations will go a long way towards establishing appropriate ethical parameters for professionals who are trying to reconcile their duties with their own..."

Tags:cases, emergency, contraception

Abstract
Abortion is a deeply controversial subject. It drives a great many emotional responses which are founded in philosophical, political and practical dispositions on the subject. The paper suggests that one of the reasons for women seeking abortions are unwanted pregnancies and that addressing the matter of unwanted pregnancies is the best way to decrease the number of abortions. The paper then examines the question of whether or not it is the nurse's ethical responsibility to encourage the use of the emergency contraception pill as a way to prevent unwanted pregnancy. In addition, the paper considers such matters as the pill's proven effectiveness, the availability and presence of public knowledge on the subject and issues relating to cultural, ideological or political resistance.

From the Paper
"Of course, it is fair to acknowledge that any number of factors prevent us from assuming that all of the women surveyed were either at risk of pregnancy, were desiring not to become pregnant or were not already using some form of contraception. However, the study does reinforce this finding with the notation that of U.K. women in the same age group arriving at hospitals for an abortion procedure, only 11% have used the emergency contraception method in the interest of avoiding the occurrence of an unwanted pregnancy. It is therefore suggested that quite indeed, for the nurse practitioner, there is some greater barrier to overcome beyond simply a lack of public awareness. Instead, it must also be considered that accessibility, affordability or simple convenience may all be factors in encouraging or preventing high risk women in taking this action."

Tags:abortion hospital nurse unwanted pregnancy medical information ethical, birth control, contraception unprotected sexual intercourse

Abstract
This paper reviews sex education programs in the public schools. The author critiques the effort of the anti-contraception movement to suppress information about sexuality.

Tags:Birth, Control, Contraception, Public, Schools, Religious, fundamentalism

Abstract
This paper discusses Pope Paul VI's 1968 encyclical, entitled "Humanae Vitae," (or "On Human Life), which condemned the use of all artificial means of contraception as a sin and called on all Roman Catholics to reject the contraceptive mentality. It discusses the controversy surrounding his ruling and the practical implications of it for Christians.

From the Paper
" AIDS campaigners put the blame on the condoms ban as contributing to the spread of the disease (Bruce 2006). Reports said that the majority of the 40 million infected people came from developing countries in Africa and urged the Church to take appropriate action. The Catholic Church has dogmatically taught that each sexual act within marriage must always be open to procreation. The Vatican, however, stands pat on its teaching on condoms. It continues to teach that the only way to avoid AIDS is through fidelity and chastity. It neither confirmed nor denied the report on the evaluation of a possible relaxation of the condoms ban. Some predicted a change in the Church's teaching while others felt it would be a disastrous gamble to make over the one of the Vatican's major doctrines. It could compound controversies among Catholics and an erosion of faith even among the clergy in the highest levels in the Vatican (Bruce)."

Tags:Vatican, procreation, fidelity, chastity

Abstract
In this essay, the subject of contraceptives in Kenya is discussed. This includes why Western medicine will not work in a society that basis wealth on the size of the family, the lack of understanding on both parties involved, the failure of family planning programs and the lack of follow up procedures. Before seeing the western trend of smaller families as the ideal, the paper argues that one must look at the notion of children as a form of wealth in the African family. Children remain valuable assets, even when the family is faced with economic hardship. Furthermore, in advance of implementing western knowledge of contraception, both sides must be educated in each others levels of understanding. Finally, to be educated, these women must have adequate resources. If high fertility rates want to be lowered, than there needs to be access to knowledgeable programs.

From the Paper
"The West fails on the absence of understanding why these contraceptives are unavailable, and when they are, why the Africans do not use them. The lack of understanding falls on the East when one realizes that they have no education on contraceptive issues. Absence of understanding of the African culture plays a part in the misconceptions of a high fertility rate."

Tags:africa, anthropology, birth, contraception, control, education, third, women, world

Abstract
Examines the importance of providing accurate information to women by CNMs (certified nurse-midwives) and FNPs (family nurse practitioners). Discusses mechanism of action of emergency contraception pills and mini pills.

From the Paper
"In the United States, it is estimated that approximately 60 percent of all pregnancies were unwanted or mistimed at the point when conception occurred (Morgan & Deneris, 1997). Emergency contraception is the only ..."

Abstract
Discusses underutilization of this method of birth control. Benefit of reducation of unwanted pregnancies. Progestin-only pills (POP) as a form of emergency contraception. Mechanisms of action of the "mini-pill." Importance for CNM's (Certified nurse-midwives) & FNPs (Family nurse practitioners) to provide clients with information. Need for patient education programs.

From the Paper
"Emergency Contraception
Introduction
In the United States, it is estimated that approximately 60 percent of all pregnancies were unwanted or mistimed at the point when conception occurred (Morgan & Deneris, 1997). Emergency contraception is the only contraceptive option that allows prevention of pregnancy after intercourse has occurred (Calebretto, 1999). It could offer significant reduction in the number of unintended pregnancies if given to all appropriate candidates, but opportunities for its use are often missed (Coeytaux & Pillsbury, 2001).


Studies have shown that providers= lack of knowledge about emergency contraception and/or misinformation about this method contribute to its underutilization. Media attention to emergency contraception has..."

Abstract
This paper relates that female sterilization, especially among less educated and low-income women, and the use of the pill, especially among better educated women, white and higher-income women, have increased. The paper stresses that abortion, considered a form of birth control, remains one of the hottest areas of debate; within a decade of the "Roe vs. Wade" decision legalizing abortion, women still had difficulty obtaining abortion services and many have to travel out of state. The paper urges more research on a birth control pill for men stating that the economic value of the market for a male birth control pill could be greater than the economic value of the market for medications for the heart.

From the Paper
"The intervention of government in the area of birth control has continued to include free birth control and even mandatory Norplant proposals of individuals who receive welfare. In a number of states, there have been proposals to give women, on welfare, financial bonuses if they accept Norplant implants. There is opposition to this though.
Like mandatory Norplant proposals, offering financial incentives to poor women to use Norplant violates the law in a number of ways. These proposals represent an impermissible government intrusion into intimate decisions that are protected by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution and similar provisions of many state constitutions."

Tags:sterilization, pill, condom, abortion, norplant

Abstract
This paper focuses on an article dealing with adolescent mothers and contraceptive services in South Africa. The paper discusses the young women's knowledge of contraception devices, and why they fail to utilize them.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to answer several questions concerning the following article "Adolescent Mothers' Utilization of Contraceptive Services in South Africa" V. J. Ehlers, International Council of Nurses, International Nursing Review. This study investigates South African adolescent mothers' knowledge of contraception relating the information gained to why young women fail to utilize contraception and contraception services and so end up pregnant. Nurses are of course involved in every area of reproductive health. Therefore, the study is of great importance to nurses however this..."

Tags:South Africa, adolescent, mothers, contraceptive

Abstract
A paper on the concept of contraception in Christianity.

Tags:christianity, contraceptives, concept