Abstract
The paper explains why the initial traffic stop was perfectly valid but the search of the glove box and the rest of the vehicle was improper. The paper then provides the reasoning for why the subsequent search of the vehicle by a K-9 unit was impermissible and why the search of both subjects was improper. The paper addresses the evidence of amphetamine and marijuana paraphernalia possession and why both discoveries are inadmissible against either subject.

Outline:
The Initial Traffic Stop
The Search of the Vehicle and Glove Box
The Canine Search
The Search of Terry and Kim's Persons Incident to Arrest
Evidence of Amphetamine Possession
Evidence of Marijuana Paraphernalia Possession

From the Paper
"Ordinarily, evidence properly discovered under the driver's seat would be admissible against the driver because possession would be imputed to him. Likewise, evidence properly discovered under the passenger's seat would be admissible against her. In this case, both Kim and Terry could also have raised the defense involving Terry's non-ownership of the vehicle. However, since the detention of the subjects at the scene after the officer ascertained that his initial concerns about the vehicle's license plate were unfounded, either Kim or Terry may challenge the admissibility of the marijuana pipe.
"On the other hand, had the marijuana pipe been discovered by an external K-9 search of the vehicle during a reasonable time period required by the original officer to confirm the ownership and registration of the vehicle, that evidence could have been introduced against Terry under the doctrine of constructive possession (Schmalleger, 2008), subject to his factual defense arising from his non-ownership of the vehicle.
"Since the K-9 search was not conducted until after the subjects were both under investigative detention or invalid arrest (the fact pattern does not specify) predicated upon the illegal search of the glove box, the introduction into evidence of the pipe discovered under the seat may be challenged by either Kim or Terry."

Tags:K-9, unit, evidence, consent, constructive, possession

Abstract
This paper explains that sexual abuse of female inmates is an issue in both federal and state prisons; abuses against female inmates occur from both male and female corrections officers and from other prisoners. The author points out that one serious problem associated with sexual abuse is the spread of contraband because, often in return for sexual favors, corrections officers provide their victims with drugs and other items that prisoners are not supposed to possess. The paper relates that the most detrimental impact of sexual abuse upon corrections is the inability to rehabilitate; inmates who are sexually abused are more likely to become repeat offenders and return to prison.

Table of Contents
Introduction
History
Impact
Summary

From the Paper
"The sexual abuse of female inmates also comes from other inmates. Just as in male prisons, female prisoners often prey on other prisoners for sexual favors. In some cases female inmates have even been raped by other female inmates. According to an article published in the "Journal of Sex Research "explains that while this type of sexual abuse is not as common among female inmates when compared to male inmates, it does occur. The research asserts that female inmates are often confronted with the sexual advances of other inmates. The research describes an inmate observer who gave an account of a violent rape perpetrated against her by other female inmates. However, research has found that rape is the least common form of sexual behavior amongst female inmates."

Tags:guards, vulnerability, devastation, rehabilitation, contraband

Abstract
The paper discusses how the overcrowding in prisons causes frustration for both inmates and security personnel, leading to unsafe and potentially explosive situations. The paper describes cases of prison staff abusing inmates and accepting bribes for smuggling contraband. The paper also addresses the tensions between inmates themselves and how inmates often attempt suicide or self-mutilation. The paper suggests that to alleviate the violence and increase safety, prisons must reduce the overcrowding and provide a better living environment for inmates .

Outline:
Correction Officer vs. Inmate
Bribery/Smuggling Contraband
Inmate vs. Inmate
Self-Inflicted
Inmate on Officer Violence
Alleviating the Violence

From the Paper
"It should be obvious to all that our prison system in the U.S. is in serious trouble. The main culprit is overcrowding--but there are many tentacles that lead from that to all the problems. One of the big ones is frustration for both inmates and security personnel. Living in three-tiered bunks set up in what was supposed to be a gymnasium offers absolutely no privacy and even less security.
"Prisoners in many of our federal security institutions are known to sleep with tin plates from the dining hall taped to their chests in case another prisoner (or guard) attempts to stab them. This pent up anger, caused by the overcrowded conditions causes more physical and sexual violence than ever.
"The security personnel are just as frustrated. The ratios of security to prisoner have gone up and up in many prisons due to budget cutbacks. These guards must patrol now in prisons, grossly overcrowded with inmates who, in most cases, hate them. The situations are unsafe and potentially explosive."

Tags:abuse, inmates, officers, bribes, suicide

Abstract
The writer of this paper details relevant statistics and data regarding the growing problem of violence and gang related incidents in prisons, both in America and around the world. This paper cites federal reports which state that there was a 400% increase in prison gang disturbances during the 1990s. This paper examines the unique management issues facing prison guards and administrators in trying to control the violence. The writer explores several published articles with information and solutions to the gang violence problem in prisons. This paper delves into the reason gangs exist in prison, which include current gang members who enter prisons who are quick to locate affiliate members from their own gang. Young people who enter prison for the first time learn quickly that the fastest way to get protection from the older, tougher inmates is to join a gang. The writer discusses the importance of systematically monitoring gangs in prison for purposes of seizing drugs and other illegal contraband. This paper also examines the lack of rules or restrictions in dealing with gangs in prison.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Statistics
Monitoring
Restrictions
Characteristics Common to all the Gangs Around the World Include
Conclusion
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Gang activity through prison is most often tracked by a data base computer system. This insures that an inmate who is known to belong to a particular gang is in the computer data base and can be tracked if he re-offends and goes to another prison or comes back to the same one.
"Also, three systems use regularly scheduled reports, incident reports and intake interviews to track gangs, and in Connecticut, Nebraska and Tennessee, gang coordinators are present in the facilities. Utah uses a graduated point system to document gang activity before the information is officially validated and logged, and Delaware refers all cases of gang-related activity to its internal affairs section."

Tags:jail, prison, guard, violence, gang, restrictions

Abstract
The paper reveals that the size and significance of underground illegal foreign trade is disturbing, for illicit trafficking in drugs, weaponry and multiple other forms of contraband is accelerating and intensifying throughout the world, and is draining billions of dollars from the U.S. economy. The paper argues that the United States government has not been very effective in countering underground illegal foreign trade because its interdiction and enforcement efforts are ill-equipped and under-funded. The paper maintains that most of the law enforcement and national security resources of the federal government are focused on anti-terrorism, which has enabled transnational criminals to expand their activities with little fear of apprehension and prosecution.

From the Paper
"The size and significance of underground illegal foreign trade is disturbing, for illicit trafficking in drugs, weaponry and multiple other forms of contraband is accelerating and intensifying throughout the world, and is draining hundreds of billions of dollars from the global economy. The United States government has not been very effective in countering underground illegal foreign trade because its interdiction and enforcement efforts are ill-equipped and under-funded. Most of the law enforcement and..."

Tags:illegal, underground, trade

Abstract
This paper explains that Sojourner Truth nee Isabella Van Wagener was born a slave but became an early role model in the struggle for civil and women's rights during a period in American history when it was not only politically incorrect for black women to do so, but also positively dangerous. The author points out that the fact that Truth and the others dictated their narratives is not unusual; what makes them unusual is the fact that they were written at all. The paper relates that Truth used her enormous oratorical abilities to support three major causes: (1) The abolition of slavery, (2) woman's rights and (3) a failed attempt to relocate the contraband and eventually the freed slaves out of the cities of the east to western lands, where they could practice the only trade they knew, farming. Picture.

Table of Contents
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Biographical Details about Sojourner Truth
Impact of Sojourner Truth's Life on American Society
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to one of her many biographers, Isabella Van Wagener was born the daughter of slaves; consequently, her early childhood was typified by all of the cruelties and brutalities associated with slavery in the Old South. The first language she learned was Dutch, and she and a fellow slave (named "Thomas) had at least five children together between 1810 and 1827; she was freed by Isaac Van Wagener just before New York state abolished the state's practice of slavery in 1827. Truth, with the assistance of Quaker friends, even managed to recover one of her sons who had been illegally sold into slavery in the South through the courts. The next two years found Truth in New York City where she supported herself and her two youngest children as a domestic worker. Truth's life was to assume a new direction at this point; she had experienced visions and heard voices since childhood, a phenomenon she attributed to God; however, she became associated with Elijah Pierson in New York City and this appears to be the catalyst she needed to take on her new role as an advocate for the newly freed slaves. Truth joined Pierson's Retrenchment Society and eventually his household and preached on the streets of New York City."

Tags:slave, visions, preach, narratives, relocation

Abstract
This paper explains that the racial profiling survey, conducted by the United States Institute of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics and the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR 3151), was specifically designed to examine any differences in the rate that white and non-white drivers are subjected to traffic stops and to subsequent enforcement action arising from traffic stops. The author states that, according to the PPCS, black drivers were more likely than whites to be stopped while driving, as well as being stopped more than once within the same year. The paper relates that perhaps the most significant finding of the PPCS relates to the so-called "outcome test" of police searches. If the justification for racial profiling practices is "good policing", the data should reveal that searches of non-white drivers and their vehicles are more likely to disclose contraband than searches of white drivers, but, in fact, the data reveal the exact opposite.

From the Paper
"One of the most significant inquiries included in the PPCS analysis was an examination of the characterization of racial profiling, by some law enforcement representatives, as merely "good policing". This argument has often been used to suggest that non-white minorities drivers are disproportionately more likely to possess illegal contraband or to be engaged in criminal activity, thereby justifying the consideration of a driver's race among the factors giving rise to the initiation of traffic stops and police investigations."

Tags:justice, statistics, enforcement, traffic-stops, outcome-test

Abstract
The paper explains that transnational crimes have increased steadily since the advent of the Internet, as many crimes can be done from half way around the world with the click of a mouse. The paper discusses how transnational crimes cause problems in three specific areas and looks at the steps that can be taken to reduce its occurrence.

Outline:
Introduction
Growth of Globalized Crime
Four Legal Traditions

From the Paper
"Globalization for the most part, has provided a positive new dimension to life. People can chat with others around the world, cultural diversity is being shared on a global business level and parts of the world that used to live in fear of each other now know they have little to fear. With the positive aspects of globalization however, come some negative ones including increased transnational crime(The Explosive Growth of Globalized Crime http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/0801/ijge/gj01.htm)."
"Transnational crime is committed in literally thousands of ways. Some examples of transnational crime include the shipment into the US of the drug Ecstasy, being manufactured in the Netherlands, computer viruses being sent worldwide from one office in the Philippines and large US banks discovering that they have been used in large Russian money laundering operations."

Tags:incidence, terrorism, corruption, contraband

Abstract
This paper begins with a synopsis of the life of Mary Todd, who later went on to marry the sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It traces her role as mother to four children, three of whom died before reaching adulthood, and wife to President Lincoln. It also examines public perception of this First Lady and discusses how her mental and physical state sharply declined after her husband was assassinated.

From the Paper
"Mary Todd Lincoln was opposed to slavery, and she strongly supported her husband's Pro-Union policies. On the other hand, Mary received criticism for her numerous shopping sprees throughout the war, and also because many of her relatives had chosen to side with the South in the war. In fact, several relatives died fighting for the Confederacy. Mary caused controversy as First Lady; she made both friends and enemies while her husband was President (Baker 1986)."

Tags:Union, Confederacy, Republican, Contraband