Abstract
Just as historians wonder why a society comes to dominate a particular region of the world, they also wonder why that same society declines in its influence and power. The paper shows that over the course of the historical period from 3500 to 1000 BCE, the kingdoms of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China, all of which had exerted the most notable influence upon the Middle Eastern and Asian continents that these nations dominated, began to experience a period of decline. The paper shows that although the agricultural and political policies and influences of these societies continued to be felt by further historical generations, the societies themselves fell into disrepair.

From the Paper
"The level of absolute power wielded by such monarchs resulted in a society that was entirely dependent upon inequality for its justification, a system that still remains to a certain extent in notions of "caste" in India. (McKay et. al 62-67) This authority, to administrate its power, relied upon systems of administration and class stratification that were as complex as they eventually proved to be fragile. At first, this was beneficial to the populace to some extent. Many archaeologists have theorized that these states emerged as powerful as they did, as early as they did in the course of human history, because they could organize the existing food supplies increased through hierarchical agricultural networks of human beings. The physical structure of ancient Egypt's system of irrigation remains impressive today, although it was based upon enslaved labor. (McKay et. al 34)"

Tags:social, inequality, pharaohs, warfare

Abstract
The paper discusses how the United States dollar has declined in value in the global economy. The paper examines how this devaluation has caused, and may continue to cause, problems in multiple nations around the world whose economy, at least partially, depends upon the value of United States currency. This paper explores the drop in value of the U.S. dollar, and examines the effects of such a drop on a particular country of interest, that of India. The paper concludes that, for India, the outsourced IT sector and many export industries, such as steel, software, and other goods and services industries, are and will continue to be harmed by the weakened dollar.

From the Paper
"In addition to simple increases in prices for offshore U.S. companies, many of the IT service contracts and other offshore contracts are being redesigned, in an effort to share the burden of a devalued dollar between the U.S. holding company and the outsourced Indian corporation. By raising prices, but locking in those prices for specific time frames, or by giving a low introductory rate for outsourcing, while including formulas for gradual increases, these outsourcing firms can effectively balance the need for U.S. business with the growing concern over the weak dollar (Thibodeau and Hoffman, 2004)."

Tags:importers, consumer, prices, competitive, market, government, spending, globally, traded

Abstract
The paper discusses how nuclear saber rattling between India and Pakistan, specifically over the continuing conflict in Kashmir, will continue to be a threat toward security for the region. The paper provides an examination of the historical and ideological roots of the conflict, and its contemporary nuclear manifestation, to indicate that resolution will not be easy. As such, the paper asserts that its effect on the business climate should be taken quite seriously.

From the Paper
"Some analysts believe that the threat of mutual destruction is enough to stave off full-scale war between nations. These critics (Parris, 2002) argue that the nuclear arsenals now possessed by India and Pakistan represent a strong incentive toward stabilization of the region. Unfortunately, while this thesis could be applied after the fact to US-Soviet relations during the Cold War, the situation on the Indian subcontinent is quite different. Nuclear saber rattling, specifically over the continuing conflict in Kashmir, will continue to be a threat toward..."

Tags:india, pakistan, nuclear

Abstract
This paper is largely focused on various military threats that have occurred between the countries of India and Pakistan. The writer provides evidence and history to look at not only violent conflicts that have occurred but between ideological differences, but also an ever-growing capability to gain or maintain nuclear warfare. The paper begins with a brief look at each country, then through the Kashmir arms race and then continues on to discuss cultural differences.

Outline:
India
Pakistan
Kashmir and the Arms Race
The First Summit, a Failure
Cultural Differences between Pakistanis and Indians
non-verbal Communication among Pakistani's

From the Paper
"The dispute over Kashmir began since the split and repeatedly brought the two sides into bloody confrontations (BBC, 2009). India accused that Pakistan refused to cooperate with police investigations on the November 2008 attacks on Mumbai. A peace process was attempted in 2004 during which Pakistani militants were blamed for the attacks. But the peace attempt was stalled right the following month. In May 1998, news that the two nations were conducting nuclear tests made the international community cringe with apprehension. The US quickly entered the scene and sanctioned India. More recently, the two countries were said to have improved their ties. They even agreed to share individual nuclear technology. At present, India launches its own satellite, the first one on the moon in 2008. It even runs a large and successful cinema industry, Bollywood, one of the most watched in the world. Yet widespread poverty continues to afflict its rural populace. The majority of its people remain illiterate and poor. They remain oppressed by the ancient Hindu caste system, which fixes the place of each person in society (BBC)."

Tags:India, Pakistan, war, conflict, politics

Abstract
This paper discusses India's phenomenal economic growth since 2000. The paper explains that this is largely due to how India continues to make ongoing adjustments to its free-market liberalizations which began in 1991. The writer also looks at other reasons for its economic expansion, such as how it has steadily increased public expenditures within the market.

From the Paper
"Much of India's phenomenal growth since 2000 has been due to its ongoing adjustments to its free-market liberalizations begun in 1991. Some of its economic expansion has been attributed to its insistence on expanding public expenditures within the market. India deems all public expenditure to be development related and thus it views this type of investment as a requirement rather than a socially driven discretionary investment (Rao). The country's revenue expenditures have increased across some spending segments by as much as 400% between 1990 and 2004..."

Tags:india, consumer, environmental

Abstract
This paper examines the importance of pollination services. As the author explains, the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. This paper evaluates the importance of pollinators, provides statistical evidence for vertebrate and invertebrate pollinator decline and examines causes and consequences of pollinator decline. The paper also demonstrates the consequences of pollinator decline in terms of plant pollinator interactions and corresponding research, including figures. The paper concludes that that the functional diversity of the pollination network is critical to ecosystem sustainability and productivity.
I. Introduction
II. Importance of Pollinators
III. Pollinator Decline
A) General Pollinator Decline
B) Honey Bee Decline
C) Decline of other Pollinators
IV. Causes of Pollinator Decline
A) Pesticide Misuse
B) Loss of Habitat and Forage
C) Diseases and Pests
D) The "Killer Bee Hype"
E) Light Pollution) Monocultures
G) Climate Change
V. Consequences of Pollinator Decline
A) Plant Pollinator Interactions
B) Decline of Genetic Variability and Effect on Plant Populations
VI. Reduction and Prevention of Future Pollinator Decline-
A) Possible Actions
B) Future Research Needs
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Literature Cited
IX. Figures and Data

From the Paper
"Green plants represent the primary food source for a large portion of the worlds living biota. Many plants reproduce sexually and require pollination agents to ensure genetic diversity and other adaptive advantages through cross-pollination. During the search for nectar, pollen, oil, or mates, pollinators transfer pollen from male anthers to female stigmas and hence perform pollination (Cane, 2001). Due to co-evolution among angiosperms and pollinators, many primary pollinator- plant relationships are highly specific. Therefore the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. In recent decades human activates have decimated biodiversity in many different species-rich groups, including invertebrates (Cane, 2001). Declines have been recorded in many groups of pollinators including: insects, bats, birds and mammals. This decline represents less frequent flower visitation, gradual decrease of seed and fruit production, and reproductive losses in additional taxa within the community and could eventually disrupt community function (Cane, 2001)."

Tags:bat, bee, bird, butterfly, change, climate, decline, ecosystem, environment, mammal, pesticide, plant, pollination, pollinator

Abstract
The paper discusses how the decline of the Ottoman and Qing Empires destabilized international order in the West and East respectively. The paper continues by explaining the lack of equilibrium and the political and military vacuums caused by the breakups.

From the Paper
"This research paper analyzes and compares the extent to which the international order in the West was destabilized by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and in the East by that of the Qing Dynasty. The slow decay and fitful decline of the Ottoman Empire culminating in its destruction at the end of World War I certainly influenced the balance of power in Eastern and Central Europe."

Tags:decline, Ottoman, Qing, Empires, consequences

Abstract
The paper maintains that while the manufacturing sector in India is experiencing rapid growth, financial commitment to building the country's infrastructure is critical to continued success.

From the Paper
"According to Manjeet Kripalani, in the second quarter, India's GDP grew by far exceeding expectations. Contributing to this unprecedented growth has been a recent surge in India's manufacturing sector, defying conventional business wisdom that India's core competencies lie only in software development and the outsourcing service sector."

Tags:India, manufacturing, infrastructure, location decision

Abstract
British children in India were often sent to Britain for education, returning to India as adults; after an Indian childhood, most detested England. Paper refers to materials discussing British culture & colonialism in India, what became of such people; references to several works for children on India or by authors who were British children in India; differences of child raising; identity; many such people found in Canada -- often not suited to England.

From the Paper
British Children & Children's Literature of Colonial India Introduction Much has been written on British Indian society and children born in India as were often sent to England for education in long separations from their parents. They knew a different kind of childhood from that of British-born children they came to know, for they had often learned Indian languages before English, in the care of Indian servants, the stories they were told and how they were raised were Indian in a shared experience that was known to generations of Britons in India, till Independence in 1947 and in some cases, beyond. It was usual for British families to spend decades in

Tags:british india, childhood, literature

Abstract
The author begins this paper with an examination of the development and decline of the Roman Empire and its various trade connections. The author moves on to look at the rise of Islam in the 7th century and the subsequent fall of the Axum Empire. The author continues by looking at the rise of Christianity in the Mediterranean region and its move into Africa and then how Islam essentially eliminated Christianity in those regions. The author then discusses Islam's effect on commerce and military matters and its development in Africa by means of conquests and it's ideology of equality among believers.

From the paper:

"The spread of Islam, from its heartland in the Middle East and North Africa to India and Southeast Asia, revealed the power of the religion and its commercial and sometimes military attributes. Civilizations were altered without being fully drawn into a single Islamic statement. A similar pattern developed in sub-Saharan Africa, as Islam provided new influences and contacts without amalgamating African culture as a whole to the Middle Eastern core. New religious, economic, and political patterns developed in relation to the Islamic surge, but great diversity remained."

Tags:roman, empire, maritime, routes, commerce, middle, ages, constantinople, axum, kush, trade, mereo, nobatae, meroitic, blemmyes, byzantine, nobatia, christianity, berber, abbasid, dynasty, unity, sahel, sahara, conversion, puritanical, reformist, movement, almoravids, jihad, almohades