The Egyptian Society declined rapidly from the end of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The relationship between this decline and economic conditions, the position of weakened pharaohs and warfare is examined.
Abstract This paper examines the causes of the decline of the ancient Egyptian civilization and argues that a number of factors played a role. Among these are a shift from economic prosperity to poverty, the weakening power of the pharaoh (related to the rise of the priesthood and royal instability) and continuous warfare with neighbouring societies.
From the Paper "From the Egyptian state's origins in the Old Kingdom, circa 2575 B.C., it flourished in relative isolation from other civilizations. It was protected by the Mediterranean in the north, the desert in the east and west, and by an "ethnic frontier" in the south (Adams, 1984, p. 38). During this time of remoteness, the Egyptian state built complex pyramid structures, developed a unique religion and established a political system based on the supremacy of the pharaoh and a hereditary bureaucracy (Fagan, 2004, p. 385). However, the prosperity and stability of the Old Kingdom (circa 2575 to 2180 B.C.) could not last forever, and since several succeeding pharaohs lacked leadership Egypt entered a period in which the central power of the government declined and local leaders became independent rulers within their own territories (Fagan, 2004, p. 389). In conjunction with this decline in power, came a prolonged drought cycle, but this led to improvements in agriculture and eventually to a rapid increase in population, though famines continued to strike for over three hundred years. Trade networks were vastly expanded during the Middle Kingdom (2134 to 1640 B.C.) and parts of the desert lands of Nubia were conquered, the first signs of imperial ambitions (Fagan, 2004, p. 390). The second intermediate period, occurring between 1640 and 1530 B.C., brought political instability and economic disorder to Egypt once again. However, in the same way that the first intermediate period brought improvements to the Egyptian civilization, this new period of instability brought several innovations that preserved Egypt's role in the eastern Mediterranean world (Fagan, 2004, p. 391). The New Kingdom, 1530 to 1070 B.C., brought with it periods of extensive wealth, an expansive empire, and political stability, though these qualities were quickly dissolved with the last of the long-lived pharaohs Rameses III (Fagan, 2004, p. 391; Ibid, p. 395). The last years of the Egyptian dynasties were marked by a "succession of short-lived, sometimes competing and generally unremarkable kings"(Rice, 1997, p. 1980). After this time political weakness opened the door to the rapidly evolving civilizations crowding Egypt's borders. By about 1000 B.C. the country was bankrupt and the influence of other ancient civilizations, Assyrians and Persians followed by the Greeks, came to dominate the Nile Valley (Clayton, 1994, p. 173). The decline of the Egyptian civilization resulted from the complex interplay of several factors including economic conditions, a weakening of the pharaohs? power, and warfare with other complex societies."
This paper explains that although the manufacturing sector in India is experiencing rapid growth, there needs to be a financial commitment to building the country's infrastructure.
Abstract The paper maintains that while the manufacturing sector in India is experiencing rapid growth, financial commitment to building the country's infrastructure is critical to continued success.
From the Paper "According to Manjeet Kripalani, in the second quarter, India's GDP grew by far exceeding expectations. Contributing to this unprecedented growth has been a recent surge in India's manufacturing sector, defying conventional business wisdom that India's core competencies lie only in software development and the outsourcing service sector."
Abstract The paper discusses how the decline of the Ottoman and Qing Empires destabilized international order in the West and East respectively. The paper continues by explaining the lack of equilibrium and the political and military vacuums caused by the breakups.
From the Paper "This research paper analyzes and compares the extent to which the international order in the West was destabilized by the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and in the East by that of the Qing Dynasty. The slow decay and fitful decline of the Ottoman Empire culminating in its destruction at the end of World War I certainly influenced the balance of power in Eastern and Central Europe."
Abstract This paper examines the importance of pollination services. As the author explains, the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. This paper evaluates the importance of pollinators, provides statistical evidence for vertebrate and invertebrate pollinator decline and examines causes and consequences of pollinator decline. The paper also demonstrates the consequences of pollinator decline in terms of plant pollinator interactions and corresponding research, including figures. The paper concludes that that the functional diversity of the pollination network is critical to ecosystem sustainability and productivity.
I. Introduction
II. Importance of Pollinators
III. Pollinator Decline A) General Pollinator Decline B) Honey Bee Decline C) Decline of other Pollinators
IV. Causes of Pollinator Decline A) Pesticide Misuse
B) Loss of Habitat and Forage
C) Diseases and Pests
D) The "Killer Bee Hype"
E) Light Pollution) Monocultures
G) Climate Change
V. Consequences of Pollinator Decline A) Plant Pollinator Interactions
B) Decline of Genetic Variability and Effect on Plant Populations
VI. Reduction and Prevention of Future Pollinator Decline-
A) Possible Actions
B) Future Research Needs
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Literature Cited
IX. Figures and Data
From the Paper "Green plants represent the primary food source for a large portion of the worlds living biota. Many plants reproduce sexually and require pollination agents to ensure genetic diversity and other adaptive advantages through cross-pollination. During the search for nectar, pollen, oil, or mates, pollinators transfer pollen from male anthers to female stigmas and hence perform pollination (Cane, 2001). Due to co-evolution among angiosperms and pollinators, many primary pollinator- plant relationships are highly specific. Therefore the health of ecosystems and agriculture worldwide depends on pollinating services performed by particular pollinators. In recent decades human activates have decimated biodiversity in many different species-rich groups, including invertebrates (Cane, 2001). Declines have been recorded in many groups of pollinators including: insects, bats, birds and mammals. This decline represents less frequent flower visitation, gradual decrease of seed and fruit production, and reproductive losses in additional taxa within the community and could eventually disrupt community function (Cane, 2001)."
Abstract This paper explores the history of marriage in India, where it is viewed as a sacrament and the greatest bond between a man and a woman and between their families. The author discusses arranged marriages and the role of sexual intimacy in marriage. The paper further highlights the different outlooks on marriage between Northern India and Southern India. Also considered is the impact of other cultures in India, including Islamic and Western Culture. The author concludes that despite these cultural influences, marriage remains a sacrament in India.
From the Paper "The greatest event in a family in India is a wedding, which celebrates and evokes every possible social obligation, kinship bond, traditional value, sentiment and economic resource (Encyclopedia of Nations 1995). It is considered essential by virtually everyone in the country. The individual sees it as the setting for one's transition to adulthood, which is the result of a combination of choices by everyone in the group or family. Everyone is born in a family and the choice of a family is beyond individual choice, which is why arranging a marriage is a critical responsibility of parents and other relatives on both sides. Some Indian parents make this arrangement at the birth of a child while some wait until later. Child marriage was practiced by small ancient groups, especially the Rajasthan, for their children under the age of five (Encyclopedia of Nations, Stormloader). Hindu scriptures sanctioned the practice and its early consummation and emphasized that a girl should be married before puberty or before her first menstruation. If not, she would go to hell because it would constitute abortion. Their Prophet Islam taught that marrying young girls from 2 to 8 would be ideal. Indians also fixed the age of the groom at ideally three times that of the child bride..."
Abstract This paper traces the historic relationship between the United States and India, from its fragile beginnings to the current strengthening of ties. Several issues are addressed that have contributed to the relationship between the two nations. These include the Cold War, economic cooperation between the US and India, and India's security issues. The author believes that India and the United States are still in the early stages of what will hopefully be a strong and prosperous friendship. The writer concludes that decades of mistrust and friction must be resolved if relations are to fully flourish.
Outline
A History of Wariness
Economic Cooperation Between the US and India Security Issues
Conclusion
From the Paper "The United States was frustrated by its inability to win influence in this strategic nation that serves as a jumping point to Asia and the Middle East. Even after the Cold War, the United States' relationship with India remained rocky over issues such as nuclear proliferation, India's conflict with Pakistan, and high trade tariffs. However, a new era seems to be dawning in U.S-Indian relations. Both sides have begun to look past historically divisive issues and to focus on natural synergies between the nations, particularly in the area of economic cooperation. Despite growing economic ties between the nations and increased understanding over India's nuclear status, significant issues still remain in the development of a solid partnership between India and the United States."
Tags:India, United, States, international, relations
Explains India's economic performance by taking an in depth look at the economic, political and social change that has taken place within India during the postwar years.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 5 sources, 2002, $ 106.95
Abstract This comprehensive study is aimed at the major economic, political, cultural and social changes and crises that have taken place within India during the period in question and it will attempt to assess the extent to which these factors have shaped the country's economic performance. Included in this analysis will be an assessment of economic development and social change, the economic and political aspects of agricultural change, as well as political change, political structure and the functioning of government. Attention will also be directed towards the caste conflict and language differences as well as the extent to which they have had an impact on the level of economic development that India has been able to achieve and the nature of this development. The main hypothesis that will be tested in this study will be the following: while India has achieved relatively significant economic advances during recent years, especially in light of the country's status as a Third World nation, these advances have been limited.
Abstract This paper compares economic and population data on India and Pakistan, noting that India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. The writer states that over-population is one of the problems facing India, and that data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. The writer notes that one site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India.
From the Paper "India is a moderate-sized country with a huge population. Over-population is one of the problems facing India, and data on this subject can be found easily using an Internet search engine. One site that offers a good deal of data is known as Data & Statistics, a site offering data gathered by the World Bank on different countries, and with a specific section on Development Goals for India. The most current data on the site is for 2004. According to this site, the population of India reached 1.1 billion in 2003 and remained at that level in 2004, up from 1 billion in 2000. The growth rate has been slowing slightly, down to 1.4 percent in 2004 from 1.7 percent in 2000. For 2000, the last year with full data, the national poverty rate stood at 28.6 percent of the population."
Abstract This paper discusses how globalization and outsourcing has affected the Indian economy and society. The paper gives a brief history about the country and discusses how technologically savvy Indian people have been since the beginning of time.
Introduction
History of India India Historical Tidbits
Technology
Economic Impact
Economic History
Economic Boom of Today
The Ethical and Social Aspects and Effects of Globalization and Outsourcing in India Pros
Cons
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "With the digital revolution and the dramatic fall in international telecommunication costs globalization has been made possible. Globalization has changed the way economies operate and this has only been possible due to the various innovations in the technological sectors. India has been in the fore-front of this global revolution. Call-centers, data processing facilities, telemedicine and software development type facilities are opening all over India and China where the labor is cheap and the trade-laws have been liberalized. Globalization would not have become as common as it is today without advancements in technology, mainly the internet. The internet allows real time communication from anywhere to anyone with access to an Internet Service Provider (ISP). With the internet, people can receive the help they need, place orders, arrange shipping and other aspects essential to today's business environment from anywhere there is internet access. Some of the reasons that India was chosen as the location for the call centers is due to the cheap labor rate, the willingness and enthusiasm to work in the global market, and the quality of education to middle class. Despite all the differences in religious, social and economic backgrounds, India has created a workforce that has embraced and used technology to position them at the forefront of outsourcing in a global economy."
Tags: education, globalization, history, india, outsourcing, science, technology
Abstract In this article the writer looks at Sparta's decline as a military power. The writer discusses the multiple manifestations of shortsightedness that caused the decline. The writer describes that this decline was caused by factors ranging from attitudes, to tactics, to lack of diplomacy with its allies.
From the Paper "Although historians offer a panoply of possible reasons for the decline of Sparta essentially its downfall was the result of one glaring fault. This fault, although it manifested in a number of disparate ways, could be summed up in one word shortsightedness. This shortsightedness occurred in areas such as its attitudes, its failure to modify the rigid Lycurgan system, its tactical naivety, its failure to adapt when opponents began hiring mercenary armies, its wrongdoing, its lack of diplomacy ... "
Abstract This paper sums up the social, political, economic repercussions of the 1947 partition of British India into India and modern-day Pakistan. The paper suggests that a more conciliatory approach on behalf of the political leaders of the day might have avoided much of the subsequent bloodshed and spared both of these nations the acrimony and animosity that presently lingers.
From the Paper "The partitioning of India has stirred a great deal of debate. This paper will wade into that debate by examining whether or not the partition of India made sense socially, politically, or economically. More specifically, this paper will argue that the 1947 partition did a great deal of harm to India - and to Pakistan - in all three regards and that a more inclusive approach involving the leaders of the day might have spared both nations the tragedies that followed. With that in mind, it is to a discussion of the Indian partitioning of 1947 that one now turns."
Abstract This paper analyzes of the retail climate in India preparatory to the entry of Wal-Mart into that market, noting that India is a country with a huge population, and Wal-Mart would like to serve a population of that size concentrated in a moderate-sized country. On the other hand, this paper points out that India has been beset by poverty for some time and was a backward country when under British rule. The latter situation has changed in part, but it is not clear if economic growth has been sufficient to support a retail market of the size Wal-Mart needs.
From the Paper "In deciding whether or not to open Wal-Mart stores in India, it is important to ascertain as much information as possible about the Indian economy and the state of retail in India in particular. On the one hand, India is a country with a huge population, and Wal-Mart would like to serve a population of that size concentrated in a moderate-sized country. On the other hand, India has been beset by poverty for some time and was a backward country when under British rule. The latter situation has changed in part, but it is not clear if economic growth has been sufficient to support a retail market of the size Wal-Mart needs. India today has a diverse economy that includes traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a variety of services."
Abstract A brief comparison of the way people live in both China and India. It shows that both countries do not provide equal opportunities for their women - Communism and the caste system. In China the emphasis is on a good education and striving for hard work while in India most of the population is illiterate. The writer suggests that while both countries are densely populated their attitude towards life are very different.
From the Paper "The cultures of India and China share some similarities, yet are vastly different when answering the question of how ideally a person should live their life. India, as a country, embraces the diversity of their people, and lives peacefully despite the different religions that coexist. The country supports a large population that is estimated at over 1 billion people. The people of India speak thousands of languages, practice nearly every religion imaginable, and oddly enough still incorporate the caste system. China similarly supports a 1-billion+ population, along with social classes, but more emphasis is placed on being male, and receiving higher education. Communism has been a very intrusive government system, which has dramatically influenced the everyday way of life in China."
Abstract An analysis of the history of India as compared to the histories of China and Turkey. The author concentrates on India's struggle for freedom, self-rule and independence with a fight for a recognition of its culture and religious beliefs of its people.
From the Paper "In Chapter 3 of Daniel Brower's book on World History, ?The World in the Twentieth Century: from Empires to Nations,? the author presents salient features of the post World War I histories of three countries: Turkey, India and China. Each of these countries reeling under the yoke of an oppressive combination of monarchies and colonial forces found a national voice for unification and self-governance (Brower, 2002)"
Tags:india, turkey, rule, foreign, history, china, communism, world, war
This paper addresses the conflict between the Hindus and the Muslims in two parts: The first part examines E. M. Forster's "A Passage to India" in terms of its historical accuracy towards its treatment of the differences that persisted between the Hindus
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 4 sources, 2002, $ 89.95
Abstract This paper addresses the conflict between the Hindus and the Muslims in two parts: The first part examines E. M. Forster's "A Passage to India" in terms of its historical accuracy towards its treatment of the differences that persisted between the Hindus and the Muslims. The second part of this paper addresses current cultural issues that persist in modern- day India. This paper demonstrates that the cultural differences that exist between these two people are deeply rooted in their society and are therefore impossible to ignore. 10 pgs, bibliography lists 4 sources.
Tags: ASIAN STUDIES / INDIA, longstanding cultural differences
