Abstract
This essay explains the contingent leadership model and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. The paper examines the controversy surrounding this model and challenges the Myers-Briggs Indicator and how it is used to match a leader to the situation. The paper also examines the 9-11 tragedy as a a tool for analyzing how leaders can rise to the occasion and lead effectively in a given situation. The paper then uses the example of nursing leadership, as it relates to patient care, discussing the nurse's necessity to adapt their leadership skills to the situation.

Table of Contents
Contingent Leadership
The Problem
The Issue
Leadership Styles
The Controversy
Current Leadership Trend
The Leaders Role
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"There is fault with this theory because as a society and in many organizations our leadership structure is one of "Commander and Chief" and does not match leadership to a given situation. Through out history we can point to many leaders that have had to adapt and lead despite their leadership style not matching the given situation. Leadership requires one to utilize knowledge, skills and abilities in fulfillment of an assigned leadership role. We expect and demand those in leadership to lead when the situation calls for it. If this theory is absolute then we would have to accept that one can not learn and grow as a leader. More importantly it would limit you to situations that match your skill set. So, instead of expecting you to lead in various situations you would need to be matched the situation."

Tags:leadership, myers-briggs indicator, situational leadership, controversy, 9/11

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that in the pages of Jean-Paul Sartre's novel "Nausea", one steps inside the troubled mind of Antoine Roquentin, historian and questioning man. As one travel through the pages, one sees him discover the deeply disturbing fact that human existence is contingent. This essay examines the significance of this journey of discovery for Roquentin.

From the Paper
"Roquentin is by profession an historian. This implies that his profession entails the imposition of order and causality upon selected events. Moreover, not only must an historian develop an explanatory (not ..."

Tags:sartre, existentialism, nausea

Abstract
This paper discusses Anthony Winson's and Belinda Leach's 'Contingent Work, Disrupted Lives: Labour and Community in the New Rural Economy' in relation to one of the most famous sayings in American history - "Will it play in Peoria?" According to this paper, this saying is rooted in the belief that small-scale local culture offer crucial insights into policies and products for the broader society. The paper further discusses how the origins of this commonly used phrase, is based on the practice of American musical theatre "trying out" acts in small towns like Peoria, Illinois, before moving to large cities like New York. This paper shows how this famous phrase is of direct relevance to understanding the significance of Winson's and Leach's work.

Tags:economics, sociology, business

Abstract
The paper ponders what structural re-adjustment has meant for Nigeria - and what it has done to the ability of the state government to address local concerns or to protect indigenous industries. Additionally, the paper explores the impact that structural re-adjustment regimes have - and will continue to have - upon Nigeria's ability to control import inflows and tariff levels.

From the Paper
"The following paper will explore the International Monetary Fund's contingent loans to Nigeria over the course of the past two decades. In so doing, the paper will ponder what structural re-adjustment has meant for Nigeria - and what it has done to the ability of the state government to address local concerns or to protect indigenous industries. Additionally, the paper will explore the impact that structural re-adjustment regimes have - and will continue to have - upon Nigeria's ability to control..."

Tags:loans, nigeria, re, adjustment

Abstract
This paper explains that contingency theory assumes that the successful management of an organization depends on, or is contingent to, the environment in which it performs; every decision, which managers undertake in order to achieve the organizational goals, is influenced by the specific environment. The author points out that differentiation and integration in the organizational structure are contingent on contextual factors such as size and technology of the organization and external factors such as its market with its competitors, customers, suppliers, stakeholders and the environment. The paper relates that contingency thinking affects leadership because leadership implies that managers need a certain degree of power and control in order to exert influence on their followers.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Contribution of Contingency Thinking on the Knowledge of Management
Contingency Thinking and Organizational Design
Environment
Technology
Size
Contingency Thinking and Leadership
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The contingency approach on organizational design is of great importance as it was this field of management whose detailed research led to the foundations of general contingency thinking. Organizational design, often referred to as organizational structure is regarded as the key to good organizational performance. Like the classical management view it also assumes that organizational "performance and structure are inextricably linked" (Fincham, et al., 1999:355). The main difference between both ways of thinking, however, is that classical management research tried to find the most efficient structure for universal use, i.e. a structure appropriate for every kind of environment. Max Weber, for example, defined bureaucracy as the most efficient mean for managing an organization. His theory was characterized by job specialization, strict hierarchy, plenty of rules and much impersonality."

Tags:structure, performance, environment, influence, leadership

Abstract
This essay analyzes what the contingency theory is; what the basic features of contingency theory are and which are the main contingencies which affect the structure or design of an organization. It also discusses the main criticisms against or disadvantages of the contingency theory and the relation between contingency theory and matrix organization. It asks how the contingency theory can be practically applied through a matrix organization. The paper then defines matrix organization and specifies its different forms, while looking at its advantages and the disadvantages.

From the Paper
"What must be the ideal structure of an organization? This is a question which great management thinkers from Adam Smith to Argyris and Weber to Woodward tried to answer. But none of them was able to give a perfect answer. Be it be the Classical Approach or the Human relations one, the Systems Approach or the most modern Contingency Approach none of these theories were fully correct and none was able to give a one best universal structure of organization. In reality it is not possible too. The Contingency Theorists were the first to project this fact."

Tags:advantage, approach, management, overlay, systems, thinking, thought

Abstract
This paper discusses the practicality of using the contingency theory as a management theory. The paper describes the contingency theory and when it would be useful and work well for use by a manager. The paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of the contingency theory and concludes that flexibility of leadership style is what primarily remains a key ingredient to management success.

Table of Contents:
Contingency Theory as Management Theory
Change Management Initiatives and Contingency Theory
Cost Efficacy
Recommendations

From the Paper
"Contingency theory can provide a platform or paradigm for successful leadership, particularly in the global marketplace where the market remains volatile and ever changing. Given the right circumstances this style of leadership can help promote cost reduction if it takes into consideration the environmental and situational factors that drive organizational performance. However, there may be cases where a proven management or leadership style is more apt to facilitate communication and greater response rates. This is something that organizations must consider when evaluating the pros and cons of a particular management theory."

Tags:organization, environment, leadership

Abstract
The paper considers the contingency factors of size, strategy, industry and environment and applies them to the Navman company. The paper attempts to illustrate how contingency theory has contributed the most to contemporary organizational practice.

From the Paper
"The first contingency factor that determines how organisations are run is size. A small organisation is not run the same way as a large one. The size of an organisation particularly affects the way it is structured. For example, a large organisation tends to have a more bureaucratic structure and be more rule-based (Donaldson, 2001). As an organisation increases its number of employees, managing them in an ad hoc and inconsistent fashion becomes difficult and impractical. Therefore rules and procedures are required to ensure predictability and reliability. A standardised way of managing employees in large organisations is necessary to ensure that employees are treated fairly and efficiently (Samson & Daft, 2009)."

Tags:size, strategy, industry, environment, management

Abstract
The paper looks at contingency planning and scenario planning and how they link to an article discussing the diminished prospects of General Motors as the American economy stumbles. The paper highlights how GM, like its automotive counterparts, has failed miserably to plan for the future.

From the Paper
"The following paper looks at contingency planning and scenario planning - two concepts drawn from page 191 of our course textbook - and how they link to an article discussing the diminished prospects of General Motors as the American economy stumbles; it should be added that these concepts will tie in with the major issues discussed in the article. In the end, it will emerge that GM, like its automotive counterparts, has failed miserably to plan for the future."

Tags:planning, corporation, scenario

Abstract
This paper offers a thorough overview of Barbara Hernstein Smith's seminal essay on literary value, "Contingencies of Value." The paper considers the broader context of Smith's materialist analysis with reference to Matthew Arnold, T.S. Eliot, and Northrop Frye. The paper then offers a critique of Smith's arguments, discussing several substantial flaws and implications of her positions. A page of notes and explanations is also attached to the paper.

From the Paper
"Eliot also emphasized the importance of undergoing objective, scientific "criticism" of the autonomous object of art. As Smith outlines in the first section of her essay, through the influence of later theorists, notably Northrop Frye, this conception of literary criticism led to a denigration of the concern with value judgments. According to Smith, the proper place of evaluation in literary studies was left unresolved and "unresolvable in the terms in which it has been formulated" (Smith,1324) . The critical debates in the 1940s and 1950s rarely questioned the traditional canon and tended to assume evaluative authority without an adequate awareness of its possible justification. Smith charges that the traditional evaluative criticism simply evaded questions of judgment that would have forced critics to come to terms with the underlying contingency of literary value. "

Tags:Matthew, Arnold, T.S., Eliot, Northrop, Frye