Abstract This paper begins with a definition of both Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory and Input and Interaction Theory. The paper then goes on to note how the two theories differ and where they are similar in their approach, as well as how they are applied to everyday issues, such as teaching language.
From the Paper "Sociocultural theory was first conceived and developed by Russian psychologist Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky?s, (1896-1934). His most productive years were at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow (1924?34), where he expanded his ideas on cognitive development, particularly the relationship between language and thinking. His writings emphasized the roles of historical, cultural, and social factors in cognition and argued that language was the most important symbolic tool provided by society. His book, "Thought and Language" is a classic text in psycholinguistics? theoretical contributions to the development of curricula and teaching strategies."
Abstract This paper explains that even the acquisition of Alta California from the Spaniards changed little the agrarian social and economic structure of "Southern" California; but the discovery of gold in "Northern" California brought new settlers, creating large cities, altering the agrarian way of life of the people and separating the northern culture from that of "Southern" California. The author points out the perpetually controversial importance of water as determined by two conflicting legal doctrines, the doctrine of riparian rights, signifying that the owners of land not contiguous to a stream had no rights to the water, and the second the doctrine of "prior appropriation", giving the first user of water the unrestrained right to divert it from the stream and to sell this right to others. The paper relates that, though growth in "Southern" California started slowly, it was enhanced by various land booms over the rest of the 19th century and into the 20th century and set the stage for rapid growth in industry and commerce, including the film industry.
From the Paper "The prevailing economic form was a system of land tenure, from which the ranchos evolved. This system was based on an ancient principle of Spanish law, which saw the king as owner in fee simple of all the colonial possessions in the New World. This was the Latin encomienda system. The settlement of the region was conducted by use of presidios, missions and pueblos, each founded on a land grant from the crown."
Abstract This paper assesses the behaviorist's perspective on learning and its capacity to explain the human learning process within the workplace setting. The paper starts by introducing the development of the perspective of behaviorism on learning, comparing it with three other equally important theories of learning, namely, cognitivism, humanism and constructivism. Next, the paper critically assesses the learning theories of behaviorism and its application to current workplace settings and explains the shortcomings of behaviorism revealed by this study.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Behaviorism and Cognitivism
Behaviorism and Constructivism
Behaviorism and Humanism
Critically Analysis of Behaviorism to Current Workplace Learning
Classical Conditioning
Connectionism
Contiguity Theory
Contingency Schedule
Disequilibrium Hypothesis
Habit Family Hierarchy
Summary
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper "The school of Behaviorism primarily has two agents, that is, the teacher and the student. The teacher is obliged to set the path of learning by identifying, calculating and perceiving the objectives, while the student is compelled to achieve these objectives and also produce reactions derived from external/internal motivation. The assumption set forth by the behavioral scientists is that if the humans are given a particular controlled-environment, they can be trained to behave in a particular way, on a consistent basis. This theory had been initially tested with mice and the positive results of those studies motivated the researchers to enhance and broaden their theory to include humans. The outcome of the relationship between the teacher and the student has produced positive outcomes (David C. Leonard, 2002)."
Abstract This paper considers the business climate in the Philippines and Malaysia, noting that Malaysia is a federation of smaller states found in the South China Sea and the Philippines is contiguous with the South China Sea and is a nation of islands accessible from the southern Pacific. The paper discusses how both areas were colonies before they were liberated and have since developed considerably from the state they were in at the time of liberation.
Abstract This paper discusses the factors that regulate the population size of the lynx canadensis, the Canadian lynx that is common to boreal forests in nearly all of Canada, Alaska and the northern contiguous United States. It specifically looks at environmental, predation, competition and food availability factors. The paper includes graphs in its explanations.
From the Paper "When the hare population begins to increase, the Lynx population follows the trend, as there is more prey available to feed on. Once the point where there are more hares being killed than are being born is reached, the prey population begins to fall. Due to the decreasing food supply, the Lynx population begins to suffer and declines as well. This is crucial in understanding why the lynx species does not grow out of control or suffer extinction (King & Schaffer 2001). During the low cycle of the hare population, the Lynx switches to hunting red squirrels; this shows the adaptive capabilities of the lynx that prevent the species from going completely extinct. However, as the hare population begins to rebound, the Lynx return to the hare as its primary source of prey and the cycle begins again (O'Donoghue et. al. 1998). The Lynx shows clear functional responses to changes in the densities of hares. Kill rates of the lynx varied from 0.3 to 1.2 hares per day, with the highest kill rate being one year after the peak in hare density (King & Schaffer 2001). This cyclic concept is illustrated in Figure 2."
