Abstract
This essay is on the history of California's national parks, especially Yosemite National Park. The paper discusses how such land came to be preserved, and what obstacles were faced in the process of their preservation.

From the Paper
"According to an essay published online by the California Environmental Resources Evaluation System (CERES), the National Park Service maintains different units in California, including nine National Parks. These Parks, Monuments and Preserves offer visitors a wide variety of options, including historical and cultural experiences to the exploration of natural wonders which can be seen nowhere else in the world. California's best known National Park is Yosemite National Park. According to an essay published online on the American Parks Network website, Yosemite Valley's first residents..."

Tags:National park service, california, national park, Yosemite, preservation, creating, congress

Abstract
This paper presents an examination of national dental care and argues the time has come to implement such a plan in the United States. The writer discusses health issues that can arise from dental problems that will have a negative impact on the medical community, and provides the argument that a national dental program will help to alleviate the risk for those diseases and illnesses. In addition the writer argues that children should be provided national dental care so that they can enter adulthood with healthy teeth and gums.

Introduction
Why
Is it Possible?
The Time has Come
Canada's Health Care System (Medicare)
How it Could Work
Conclusion

From the Paper
"For the past few years the skyrocketing cost of health care has come under fire by politicians, voters and media outlets on a regular basis, but the increasing rise in dental care has been largely ignored. Dental care costs have increased along with health care costs. At the same time it is becoming increasingly difficult for Americans to get dental care at affordable rates and sometimes at any rate.
One of the reasons that dental care is becoming increasingly difficult for people to obtain in the states is because of the reduced number of dentists practicing in the dental field today. The availability of dental professionals compared to the ratio of potential patients creates a backlog of availability in which many patients are being turned away or being asked to wait months for needed care(Dental Care http://drc.nidcr.nih.gov/report/images/section16-wrkfrce_cost.pdf.).
"Dental insurance coverage, the lack of dental health professionals in many areas of the country prevents those living in under-served areas from obtaining optimum oral health care. The ratio of dentists to population by state ranges from 31.3 to 69.0 per 100,000 population (Dill et al., 2000). The District of Columbia has a higher ratio of dentists to population (94.9 per 100,000) than any state. "

Tags:Dental, insurance, national, children, prevention

Abstract
The paper explores whether ID cards will have any impact on problems of identity theft and national security and examines the objections of civil rights groups. The paper considers the previous poor reputation of ID cards in western society, the concerns about biometric information being used on ID cards and the costs of creating and implementing ID cards. The paper also looks at the implementation of ID cards in the United Kingdom that illustrates the difficulties in creating a national system of ID cards. The paper concludes by summarizing the many problems with implementing a national ID card and finally asserting that the implementation of ID cards is unfeasible.

Outline:
Introduction
ID Cards: Reasons for choosing
A Twentieth Century History Of ID Cards
Civil Rights Concerns
Cost
Conclusion

From the Paper
"ID cards have been recently promoted by many Western governments (The UK, the United States, and the European Union, for example), both as a way to combat terrorism, and prevent personal security breaches, such as Identity theft. Despite the attempts to link ID cards to these important concerns, many people still feel that the creation of a National ID card system is a threat to both national liberty, and the individual rights of citizens.
"The setting-up of modern ID cards systems revolves around issues of security, identity theft, and the prevention of fraud. The questions raised by this ideal are concerns about whether any of these problems will be resolved by the creation of national ID cards. If these problems cannot be resolved through the creation of these cards, then this affects the feasibility of implementing the use of ID cards."

Tags:national, security, identity, theft, biometric, data, civil, rights

Abstract
In this article, the writer examines national emergency management in Japan, United States, Canada, China and India. The writer compares the five cases, looks at significant laws used in each country, formulated in each country, and discusses what they reveal about national concerns and agendas. In Japan, the United States and Canada, man-made disasters, such as military aggression or terrorist assault, are highlighted as the chief factor influencing the development of a particular law or set of laws, whereas in China and India, the focus is upon naturally-occurring events which have laid waste to heavily-populated regions, creating massive human trauma as a result. Ultimately, the writer shows that, while the basic "mitigation," "vulnerability," and "recovery" considerations remain constant in every case, each nation responds rather differently depending upon its political, geographic and social needs, circumstances and imperatives. The writer concludes that what a nation believes is important when it comes time to assess possible threats plays as great a role as any set of variables in determining the allocation of finite resources.

From the Paper
"The following paper will examine national emergency management in five countries: Japan, United States, Canada, China and India. The paper will look at significant laws used in each country, formulated in each country, and what they reveal about national concerns and agendas. In the process of so doing, a comparative analysis of the five cases will be undertaken. In three of the aforementioned cases (Japan, the United States and Canada), man-made disasters - military aggression or terrorist assault - will be highlighted as the chief factor influencing the development of a particular law or set of laws, whereas in the other two instances ..."

Tags:national, emergency, management

Abstract
This paper discusses how in terms of similarities, it is evident that the basic policies outlined in The National Security Strategy of the United States of America are in harmony with the basic policies outlined in A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement. The foundation of both strategies rests upon common foreign policy agendas based upon engaging in power projection when necessary, in order to achieve specified political, national security, and economic goals. The paper further discusses how the short-term and long-term goal of both strategies is enlargement of influence, through direct and indirect means, depending upon the region or issue being addressed.

Tags:national, security, strategies

Abstract
The paper presents a review of the issue of the national debt: causes, effects, and possible solutions. It looks at the history of the national debt, how it measures the net effect of fiscal policies and reviews effects and what the increase in the national debt means.

From the Paper
"This research examines the issue of the national debt in the United States together with what if anything should be done about the national debt. When one speaks of the national debt one is referring to the monetary obligations of the United States Treasury. Such obligations are created by the United States Treasury through the issuance of monetary obligation instruments... "

Tags:National, debt, fiscal, Federal, budget, deficit

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the educational system of the United States, traces its development, outlines its present condition, estimates the necessity of reforms in the educational sphere and judges the worth of a proposed national high-school teachers certification incentive. Other related issues are also given consideration in the course of the mainstream discussion.

Paper Outline:
Introduction
Brief Overview of Secondary Education System in the USA
Identification of the Primary Concerns in Teacher Certification
National Teacher Certification
Arguments Against National Certification
Conclusion
Bibliography

From the Paper
"There have, of course, been alternatives suggested and tried at different times, including alternatives that eliminated the professional component almost altogether. But the fact remains that, at present, the vast majority of licenses to teach are based on evidence of completion of such a program, with or without examination. Because determining the relative importance of these various elements and their inclusion in a certification system always involves conflicts-between classroom teachers and other elements of the profession, between professors of education and professors in the liberal arts and sciences, between state department of education officials and those teaching in universities, between so-called "research universities" and former teachers colleges-this issue has been one of the most contentious in the long development of teacher certification."

Tags:Carnegie, Foundation, Report, district, national, curriculum

Abstract
The paper examines how national security analyses are conducted in the post-9/11 world. The paper maintains that it is important to note that this process primarily involves internal government debate over the use and accuracy of the information supplied by intelligence agencies and the defense establishment. The paper explains that national security analyses are conducted in order to help resolve issues of national security concern by providing data about foreign threats, terrorist activities and related security matters.

Tags:national, security, issues

Abstract
This paper studies the formation and emergence of the U.S. Army Reserves and National Guard, from volunteer state run militias to a federal reserve and federally controlled National Guard. Through the Spanish American War of 1898, the Dick Act of 1903, the National Defense Acts and two World Wars, this paper traces the wars and events that shaped and molded a modern military power. The paper also examines the political and social ramifications of establishing an extended military.

From the Paper
"Throughout American history, Americans have generally disliked a strong military. This "antimilitarism" as some historians' term it has dated back since the Revolutionary War. One prominent historian reports: "in resentment of red-coat garrisons in the colonies before the American Revolution, their presence becoming the primary cause of the Revolution." A standing army came to be depicted as a threat to individual liberties and as an oppressor of republican governments. Most people saw the military as only necessary in war, thus the general idea was that the army was praised during war but ridiculed during peacetime."

Tags:american, army, emory, guard, ii, military, national, reforms, reserves, spanish, upton, war, world

Abstract
This paper stresses that stopping the spread of HIV/AIDS has to be made integral to any development endeavor aimed at improving the lives and well-being of citizens of the world. The author points out that the United Nations acknowledges that good governance has to be integrated into the creation and management of institutions, processes and programs aimed at beating the targets set forth in the "Millennium Declaration of 2000". The paper reviews and analyzes the present and future scenario of HIV/AIDS prevention and mitigation in the Philippines and identifies some elements of intervention needed to operationalize a strategy for good governance. The author underscores that the HIV/AIDS program of Zamboanga city is built around improved capacities for public administration and civil service, decentralization in delivery of services, transparency and accountability, expanded role of civil-society, and the centrality of participation grounded on the rule of law and human rights.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Related Literature
Pro-Poor Policy Framework
Public Administration and Civil Services
Decentralization and Delivery of Services
Accountability and Transparency Situations and Context of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Socio-Economic Impact of HIV Aids
Participatory Approach
Cultural and Moral Dimensions
Grounding Development
Mobilizing the Cultural Resources
Key Lessons in Good Governance from the United Nations
Case in Point: Zamboanga City HIV/AIDS Program
Public-Civil Society Partnership
Organization and Management
Community-Oriented/ Community Based
Innovative Optimized Use of Infrastructure Support
Livelihood Assistance
Financial Resources
Lessons from HIV/Program Implementation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"According to the United Nations, a critical requisite for achieving the MDG's is a conducive and coherent policy framework. This involves first, the contextualization of the goals by each country, and down to identifying sectoral concerns and on to effective local responses. Responses and interventions to HIVAIDS entails a national policy framework that provides for effective decentralization of action and one that effectively coordinate implementation and resource mobilization as well as achieve a critical mass of support from the public in a much cost effective way. The policy framework to be pro-poor means, that it recognizes the social and economic implications of HIV/AIDS and seeks to integrate social and economic interventions to mitigate the spread of the infection and disease."

Tags:contextualization national decentralization, policy framework, human rights