Abstract
The paper explores the history and development of the contextual cueing effect. The paper explains that this is an information retrieval process that appears to have strong connections to the environment in which stimuli occur, the time in which stimuli occur, the previous cultural experiences of the perceiver and the memory of the perceiver. The paper looks at discoveries in contextual cuing in different areas and the limitations and implications of contextual cueing in theory and in practice.

Outline:
Introduction
History and Development of Contextual Cueing
Contextual Cueing For Real-World Scenarios
Limitations and Implications for the Research
Summary

From the Paper
"The initial research into contextual cueing occurred in 1998, when Chun and Jiang sought to establish whether visual task orientation was governed in part by what they referred to as "global context" (p. 28). The researchers started from the perspective that the complexity of visual images is such that "only a small subset of this information is available to conscious or working memory at any given moment" (p. 28). Yet despite the limited information available, the image was still readily assimilated and processed by the viewer. Moreover, Chun and Jiang (1998) noted that earlier research efforts had demonstrated that visual accuracy was contingent upon traits other than straightforward visual perception, such as training in sight and information processing."

Tags:memory, visual, accuracy, perception, spatial, attention, cognition, stimuli

Abstract
This paper defines and analyzes contextual cueing, a comparatively new area of study. First, the paper describes initial experimentation in contextual cueing, which operates on the assumption that all persons learn specific associative patterns between objects and concepts. This paper further explores the history and development of the contextual cueing effect, discoveries into contextual cuing in different areas and using different stimuli in various cultural settings, and the limitations and implications of contextual cueing in theory and in practice.

From the Paper
"Exploration into contextual cueing is a comparatively new area of study. Initial experimentation in contextual cueing operated on the assumption that all persons learn specific associative patterns between objects and concepts, thus suggesting in turn that the contextual setting in which these patterns are learned affect the person. This paper shall explore the history and development of the contextual cueing effect, discoveries into contextual cuing in different areas and using different stimuli in various cultural settings, and the limitations and implications of contextual..."

Tags:research, design, vision

Abstract
The paper discusses community, classroom and student characteristics that include geographic factors, community and school population, socio-economics, race/ethnicity, community stability and classroom rules and routines, grouping patterns, scheduling and arrangement and how they affect the teaching/learning process. The paper explains that contextual factors also acknowledge the impact of aspects like attitudes, perceptions, expectations, abilities, gender, socio-cultural background and maturity on every learning experience. The paper also looks at how community, classroom and student characteristics influence instructional planning and assessment.

From the Paper
"It generally goes without saying that contextual factors play an important role in mathematical classroom via the way they affect the teaching/learning process. Among these factors are environmental (geographic location), community and school population, socio-economics, race/ethnicity, community stability, political climate and community support for education as well as classroom factors represented by rules and routines, grouping patterns, scheduling and classroom arrangement. Student characteristics should also be examined when designing instruction and assessing learning, such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, special needs, achievement/developmental levels, culture, language, interests, learning styles/modalities and skill levels."

Tags:community, classroom, student, instructional, planning, assessment

Abstract
This paper discusses how, in teaching practice, it has been accepted that teaching and learning do not occur in a vacuum. According to the paper, studies have shown how the remarkable creativity of individual teachers can bring contextual factors creatively to life in teaching and learning.

Outline:
Students
Teachers
Resources

From the Paper
"This could be indicative of the general orientation in the classroom. Because the majority of the school population is black, there may be a tendency to focus on this group and its concerns in the educational effort itself. This shows the importance of inclusivity in the classroom. In terms of context, it is vitally important to make individual students feel like part of the classroom as well as welcome in its proceedings. Hence, in the case of Kansas City, demographic groups in the greatest minority should be the most pertinent focus in classroom interaction. This is one of the ideas echoed by educators such as Paolo Freire. Freire and others promote the ideal of inclusivity in the classroom. When a child is made to feel important not only in terms of the individual self, but also in terms of culture, he or she receives vast motivation to perform. This appears to be substantiated by the provided statistics."

Tags:community, family, technology, demographics, statistics

Abstract
The paper presents the theoretical foundation of Murray Bowen and Ivan Nagy therapeutic approaches, comparing and contrasting the specificity of concepts, pathology and treatment. The paper emphasizes that the main common point which unites the two theories is their focus on family-of-origin experiences when conceptualizing cases. The paper presents concepts and therapy techniques in order to emphasize the common points and differentiating points. Also noted is the need for more empirical studies to validate the effectiveness of the two theories and concepts.

From the Paper
"Contextual Family Therapy was founded by Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy in the 1950's, by turning from psychoanalysis to family therapy, and emphasizes that family life may be described in terms of four main dimensions: facts (such as ethnicity or family size); psychology (such as thoughts and emotions); transactions (such as interaction patterns); and relational ethics (the balance of fairness among people) (Carr 2006). The core issue of contextual family therapy is relational ethics - establishing fairness - as the central way of helping families to resolve problems. Contextual therapists consider that the problems develop as a result of an imbalance of justice within the family across generations. The lack of balance manifests itself in the family relationships as a ledger of entitlements and debts that also suggests what has been given and what is owed. Significant imbalance in such ledgers even across generations leads to problems. One way of imbalancing relational ledgers are invisible loyalties. They lead to developing problems. As Alan Carr noted, invisible loyalties are "the unconscious commitments that children make to meet debts to parents or entitlements arising from their interactions with them" (Carr, p. 163). For instance, an adult that has been neglected as a child feels entitled to neglect his children at his turn. Split loyalties usually are the result of parental conflict and happens when a child is faced to side with one parent, this generating a sense of entitlement at having lost a parent."

Tags:contextual, family, therapy, relationships, anxiety

Abstract
The paper first illustrates the differences in the way Africa is depicted by the two authors, Conrad and Achebe. Particularly, it compares the depiction of the African landscape, the native peoples, and the culture of Africa in the two texts. Additionally, the paper discusses the contextual frameworks of the novels for a better understanding of why such contrasting images of Africa exist among them.

From the Paper
"Chinua Achebe, in "Things Fall Apart", and Joseph Conrad, in "Heart of Darkness", present sharply contrasting images of Africa. This is most evident in comparing their depiction of the African landscape, the native people, and the African culture. However, any comparative analysis of the two works should be approached bearing in mind differences in their contextual frameworks. Viewed from such a perspective, it can be argued that the differences in the portrayal of Africa merely represent the reality of the two novels written with different purposes, from different cultural viewpoints and at varying points of human development."

Tags:achebe, africa, apart, comparative, conrad, contextual, darkness, fall, framework, heart, literature, postcolonial, things

Abstract
This paper is an examination of narrative context as found in four stories: "Ragtime", "Streetcar Named Desire"," Big Boy Leaves Home", and "Soldier's Home". The paper looks at the consistencies of narrative contextual themes throughout each story. It observes that narrative contexts are character driven and are marked by an interaction with the environment.

Abstract
This paper employs a contextual analysis to develop policy recommendations for reducing youth gun violence. The analytic framework used in the paper addresses the dimensions of history, law, economics, sociocultural influences and political processes. The paper offers several policy recommendations, including intervention and prevention, particularly in regard to at-risk children and youth.

From the Paper
"This research project employed a contextual analysis method to examine the question of how public policy on youth gun violence can be shaped. The analytic framework addressed the dimensions of history, law, economics, sociocultural influences and political..."

Tags:Contextual analysis, youth, gun violence, juvenile delinquency, gun control

Abstract
This paper discusses a series of three personal learning experiences that are then linked to behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist/contextual learning theories. The paper asserts that it is important, from the perspective of the instructor as well as the learning theorist, to determine these relationships between personal learning experiences and learning theory in order to better apply the techniques of each.

From the Paper
"This document discusses a series of three personal learning experiences. This series of personal learning experiences are then linked to behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist/contextual learning theories. It is important, from the perspective of the instructor as well as the learning theorist, to determine these relationships between personal learning experiences and learning theory in order to better apply the techniques of each.
"The public education system as well as many higher education systems,..."

Tags:personal, learning, theories

Abstract
This paper discusses the concepts enumerated in the book "When Religion Becomes Evil," written by Charles Kimball and analyzes the contextual information in the book. The paper also discusses the five warning signs that Kimball outlines regarding when a religion has become corrupt: absolute truth claims, blind obedience, establishing the "ideal" time, the end justifies the means and the declaration of holy war. The paper concludes with the writer's brief review of the book.

From the Paper
"This leads us to the last warning sign, of when all the previous are in place, and the religion believes its purpose is war that is sanctioned by God. Religions throughout the past have thought their acts of war were justified and even demanded by God. But we have come a long way since then, and reports of booming voices form a bush or the sky are not enough to convince people to go to war. Radical sects of many religions, however, do proclaim a holy war on the "other", especially when the other challenges the group identity (Kimball, p 189). One good example is the transformation of the notion of jihad as a holy war against the temptations that would lead away from God, to jihad as a holy war against other social groups."

Tags:God, sanction, cult, responsibility